9.2. Travel Related Infections - Malaria

Question 1

Where are most cases if Malaria found?

Answer 1

Central Belt of the World:

1. South America
2. Africa
3. South Asia

Question 2

What is the life cycle of Malaria?

Answer 2

1. A Mosquito injects Sporozoite into a human
2. The Sporozoites travel into the liver and divide to form Merozoites
3. The Merozoites undergo meiosis in the Red Blood Cells and stay there
4. Red Blood Cells are then sucked into the Mosquito
5. The male and female gametes form Zygotes
6. The Zygotes release Sporoziotes in the Mosquito

Question 3

What are the 5 species of Malaria?

Answer 3

1. Plasmodium Falciparum
2. Plasmodium Vivax
3. Plasmodium Ovale
4. Plasmodium Malariae
5. Plasmodium Knowlesi

Question 4

Which of the 5 species of Malaria are:

1. Potentially Severe?
2. Benign?

Answer 4

1. Plasmodium Falciparum
2. a) Plasmodium Vivax
3. b) Plasmodium Ovale
4. c) Plasmodium Malariae
5. d) Plasmodium Knowlesi

Question 5

What are the Clinical Signs of Malaria?

Answer 5

1. None
2. Splenomegally
3. Hepatomegally
4. Mild Jaundice

Question 6

What are the Clinical Symptoms of Malaria?

Answer 6

1. Fever / Rigors
2. Aching Bones
3. Abdominal Pain
4. Headache
5. Dysuria / Altered Frequency
6. Sore Throat
7. Cough

Question 7

What are the complications of Malaria?

Answer 7

1. Cerebral Malaria (Encephalopathy)
2. Blackwater Fever
3. Pulmonary Oedema
4. Jaundice
5. Severe Anaemia
6. Algid Malaria (Gram Negatie Septicaemia)

Question 8

How is Malaria Diagnosed?

Answer 8

1. Thick and Thin Blood Films
2. Quantitative Buffy Coat (QBC)
3. Rapid Antigen Test

Question 9

What 2 types of Blood Films are used?

Answer 9

1. Giemsa

2. Feild’s Stain

Question 10

What does a Quantitative Buffy Coat (QBC) involve?

Answer 10

1. Centrifugation

2. UV Microscopy

Question 11

What are the 2 Rapid Antigen Tests used to diagnose Malaria?

Answer 11

1. OptiMal

2. ParaSight-F

Question 12

What are the Criteria in the Severity Assesment of Malaria?

Note - Complicated Malaria is 1 or more of this list

Answer 12

1. Impaired Consciousness or Seizures
2. Hypoglycaemia
3. Parasite Count > 2%
4. Haemoglobin <8mg/dL
5. Spontaneous Bleeding
6. Haemoglobinuria
7. Renal Impairment / pH < 7.3
8. Pulmonary Oedema or ARDS
9. Shock (Algid Malaria (Gram Negative Bacteraemia))

Question 13

What drugs are used to treat Uncomplicated P. Falciparum Malaria?

Answer 13

1. Riamet for 3 days
2. Eurartesim for 3 days
3. Malarone for 3 days
4. Quinine for 7 days
5. Oral Doxycycline (or Cindamycin)

Question 14

What drugs are used to treat Complicated P. Falciparum Malaria?

Answer 14

1. I.V. Quinine

2. Oral Doxycycline (or Cindamycin)

Question 15

What drugs are used to treat Uncomplicated Malaria, caused by the benign 4 species?

Answer 15

1. Chloroquine for 3 days
2. Riamet for 3 days
3. Primaquine for 14 days (in P. Vivax and P. Ovale)

Question 16

What are the programmes to control Malaria?

Answer 16

1. Remove Mosquito Breeding Sites by drainage of standing water
2. Larvacides
3. Mosquito Killing Sprays
4. Human Behaviours (Bed Nets, Mesh Windows)