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Mod 9 (Human Factors) - By Ruhi > 9.2 > Flashcards

9.2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cornea?

A

A clear window at the front of the eye which allows light to enter.

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2
Q

What is special about the shape of the cornea?

A

Its shape allows it to function as a fixed focusing device. Responsible for 70-80% of the total focusing ability of the eye.

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3
Q

What are the eye and the pupil?

A

The size of the iris can vary to control the amount of light that enters the eye.

The pupil is the dark area at the centre.

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4
Q

What is the lens and why is it important?

A

It adjusts the level of focus.

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5
Q

When is the lens thickest and thinnest.

A

The lens is thickest when looking at a near object.

It is flattened when looking at a far object.

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6
Q

What effects accommodation (the lens)

A

Age and fatigue.

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7
Q

What is the retina.

A

A complex layer of nerve cells at the back of the eye connected to the optical nerve.

Contains two types of light sensitive cells: cones and Rods.

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8
Q

What are cones and how are they different from Rods?

A

Cones function in good light.
Cones can detect fine detail.

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9
Q

Rods.

A

Rods cannot detect colour.
Good at detecting movement in peripheral vision.
Cones are in the centre of the retina and rods are in the peripherals.

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10
Q

The fovea?

A

A small depression at the centre of the retina that is rés poi le for central vision

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11
Q

What does visual acuity mean?

A

The ability to discriminate sharp detail at varying details.

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12
Q

What is hypermetropia?

A

Long sightedness.

Shorter than normal eyeball
Lens is shorter than normal.

Objects nearby will appear blurred

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13
Q

What type of lens is used to correct hypermetropia?

A

Convex lens.

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14
Q

What is myopia?

A

Short-sightedness.

Eyeball is longer than normal.

Image is formed in front f the retina.

Distant objects will appear blurred.

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15
Q

What are other forms of visual problems?

A

Cataracts - clouding of lens (age related)

Astigmatism - misshapen cornea

Glaucoma - a build up in pressure of the fluid

Migraine - severe headaches, distort vision.

Presbyopia - loss of lens flexibility (age related)

Fatigue

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16
Q

Influence of foreign substances on vision.
(Drugs)

A

Reduces supply of oxygen to eye which can affect the sensitivity of the rods.

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17
Q

How long does it take foe cones and rods to adjust to changing lighting conditions.

A

7 minutes for cones

30 minutes for rods

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18
Q

What is colour blindness called

A

Colour vision deficiency

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19
Q

What % of people are effected by colour vision deficiency

A

8%of men

0.5% of women

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20
Q

Can age affect colour vision?

A

Yes due to yellowing of the lens.

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21
Q

CAP 563 Leaflet H-60

A

Use of glasses or contact lenses is suitable if prescribed for an engineer

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22
Q

What are the three divisions of the ear

A

Outer

Middle

Inner

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23
Q

Outer ear

A

The part of the ear that directs the sound along the auditory canal and into the eardrum.

24
Q

Middle ear

A

Sits in the eardrum, transmits vibrations.

Made of three small bones called hammer, anvil, stirrup.

25
Q

Inner ear

A

Filled with fluid.

Connected to the cochlea which contain hair like cells which react to the movement of the fluid and send of neural responses

26
Q

What are aural reflex muscles.

A

Can reduce loud noises by 20db.

No protection to sudden explosive noises.

27
Q

What range of frequency can a young person typically hear

A

20 - 20,000 Hz

Sensitivity peaks at 3000, Hz

28
Q

Impact of noie on performance

A

Annoying others.

Interfering with communications

Causing fatigue and effecting concentration

Damage hearing.

29
Q

What are regulations related to noise and hearing.

A

Employers must provide hearing protection if needed.

Employees have legal right to work without exposure to dangerous noise levels.

30
Q

Two types of hearing protection, and how much protection the provide.

A

Ear plugs, ear defenders.

Noise levels are reduced by 20dB and 40dB respectively

31
Q

Signs of early hearing loss.

A

Conversations become difficult or impossible.

You find it difficult to process sounds like “d” “t”

Permanent tinnitus.

32
Q

Noise dose.

A

Any sound over 80dB over an 8 hour period

Any noise over 115 for even short period of time.

33
Q

What is the process of information processing

A

Receiving information through the senses

Analysing information

Deriving meaning from the information

Storing information.

34
Q

Iconic memory

A

Provides a smooth stream of visual information to the brain which can be extracted over an extended period of time in the visual short term memory.

35
Q

Presbycusis

A

Hearing loss with age

36
Q

Echoic memory

A

Registers sound, once a sound Is heard it is stored in the echoic memory where it can be processed and understood.

37
Q

What are the forms of attention.

A

Selective attention

Divided attention

Focussed attention

Sustained attention

38
Q

What is “attention”

A

The brain function that alllocates cognitive processing resources to focus on information or stimuli.

39
Q

Selective attention.

A

When a person is monitoring several sources of input but focuses on the source that seems ore important

40
Q

Divided attention

A

Divided attention is common in most work situations, where people are required to do more than one thing at a time

41
Q

Focussed attention

A

Simply channeling your attention towards a single source and avoiding distraction.

42
Q

Sustained attention.

A

Is the ability to maintain concentration and remain alert over long periods of time. Usually on one task.

43
Q

What can perception be defined as?

A

the process of assembling sensations into a usable mental representation of the world

44
Q

What are the three processes of memory

A

Encoding, storage, retrieval.

45
Q

What is encoding (memory)

A

The input of information into the brain

46
Q

3 types of memory.

A

Sensory memory

Short-term memory

Long-term memory.

47
Q

Sensory memory

A

Ultra-short memory.

Consists of brief sensory events such as sights, sounds and tastes.

Very brief, up to a few seconds.

48
Q

Short term memory

A

Takes information from sensory memory and sometimes connectes that memory to something.

49
Q

Long term memory.

A

Used to store information no longer in use

50
Q

Two types of long term memory

A

Semantic memory
General facts

Episodic memory.
Events

(Motor programmes
Driving a car)

51
Q

What is retrieval

A

The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness.

Decision making is bases on retrieval and past experiences.

52
Q

What is situation awareness

A

The synthesis of n accurate and up-to-date mental model of ones environment and state, and the ability to use this to make predictions about ones future state.

53
Q

The influence of expectation.

A

Our perceptual system can reject irregularities, for example when skim reading you wont notice subtle changes in a text that you think you know well.

54
Q

What is claustrophobia

A

Fear of enclosed spaces.

55
Q

What is acrophobia

A

Fear of heights

Mod 9 (Human Factors) - By Ruhi (9 decks)

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