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Urinary > 9.1 Embryology And The Development Of The Urinary System > Flashcards

9.1 Embryology And The Development Of The Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney

A

Nephron

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2
Q

How does urine drain into the bladder?

A

Ureter

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3
Q

Where does arterial blood supply to the kidneys stem from?

A

Abdominal aorta

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4
Q

How many kidney systems form in early embryological life?

A

3 - pronephros, mesonephros, metanephros

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5
Q

Where do kidney systems develop from?

A

Intermediate mesoderm

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6
Q

What is the 1st kidney system that develops?

A

The pronephros

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7
Q

Where does the pronephros develop?

A

In the cervical region

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8
Q

What is the clinical significance of the pronephros?

A

Provides useful data on kidney development

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9
Q

What is the function of the pronephros?

A

Has no clinical function

Forms the duct of the next developmental stage

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10
Q

What is the urogenital ridge?

A

Region of intermediate mesoderm that gives rise to both the embryonic kidney and gonad

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11
Q

What structures form the embryonic kidney?

A

Mesonephric tubules

Mesonephric duct

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12
Q

Why does the kidney need to upgrade from the embryonic kidney?

A

As the embryonic kidney cannot conserve water

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13
Q

What are the important functions of the mesonephros?

A

• Mesonephric duct has important role in the development of the reproductive system in the male mesonephros
• Mesonephric duct sprouts the ureteric bud which induces
development of the definitive kidney

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14
Q

What is the ureteric bud?

A

It’s a sprout from the mesonephric duct.

Undifferentiated intermediate mesoderm caudal to the mesonephros

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15
Q

What is the importance of the ureteric bud?

A

Later forms the ureter
Induces development of undifferentiated mesoderm close by into the true kidney, which can conserve water. Metanephros develops

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16
Q

Why does the maintenance of the mesonephros vary?

A

Is maintained in males by androgens secreted by developing testis. Degrades in females

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17
Q

What structure is derived from the metanephric blastema?

A

Kidney

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18
Q

What structure forms the collecting aspects of the kidney?

A

The ureteric bud of the mesonephric duct

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19
Q

What structures does the ureteric bud form in a developed kidney?

A

Minor calyx
Major calyx
Renal pelvis
Ureter

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20
Q

What primitive structure forms the excretory part of the kidney?

A

Metanephric blastema

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21
Q

Where does the metanephric kidney first appear?

A

In the pelvic region, near the cloaca

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22
Q

Describe the movement of the kidneys during development

A

Caudal to cranial shift (ascent)

Crosses the arterial fork formed by vessels returning blood from the foetus into the placenta

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23
Q

Why are secondary/ additional renal arteries retained in some individuals?

A

As the kidney changes position in the abdomen there is usually resolution and appearance of a new artery branch. In 25% of people the early renal artery does not resolve and maintains past birth

24
Q

What developmental issues can arise in development of the urinary system?

A
  • Ureteric bud fails to interact with intermediate mesoderm (renal agenesis)
  • Migration goes awry
  • Duplication defects
  • Ectopic ureter
  • Cystic disease
25
What is renal agenesis?
Unilateral renal agenesis - cervical defect when a kidney does not develop Bilateral renal agenesis - both kidneys did not develop, incompatible with life
26
What structural anomalies occur due to a flaw in migration?
Pelvic kidney - problem with kidney ascent Horseshoe kidney - during ascent the caudal poles of the 2 true kidneys come into contact and fuse. Has limited functional implications but stops migration of the kidney as it gets stuck on the 1st unpaired branch of the abdominal aorta
27
What causes duplication defects?
Splitting of the ureteric bud | Multiple ureteric buds
28
What is an ectopic ureter?
A ureter that doesn’t empty into the bladder, opens into another structure
29
What is a duplication defect?
When an extra kidney or extra kidney lobe is formed
30
What other defect is associated with duplication defect?
Ectopic urethral orifices | Ureter can open into vagina/urethra
31
Why can ectopic urethral orifices impact on quality of life?
As not subject to normal control of micturition. | Open distal to normal continence sphincter mechanisms and result in incontinency
32
What is the cloaca?
A blind ended dilated structure that the hind gut, reproductive tract and urinary tract share
33
How does the urogenital sinus develop?
Cloaca is split by development of the urogenital septum. This separates the urogenital sinus from the hind gut.
34
Where is the urogenital sinus?
Anterior to the hind gut, at the caudal end of the embryo. | Urogenital sinus is continuous with the umbilicus via the urachus
35
What happens to the urachus during development?
Closes to become the median umbilical ligament
36
What develops from the urogenital sinus?
The bladder and urethra
37
What can be seen emerging through the umbilicus in a patient with a patent urachus?
Urine
38
Describe the development of the female urinary system
Mesonephric ducts reach urogenital sinus Ureteric bud sprout from MD Urogenital sinus begins to expand and connect to ureteric buds MD regresses or genital sinuses expand and fuse together
39
Describe the development of the urinary system in males
MD reach urogenital sinus Ureteric bud sprouts from MD Smooth musculature begins to appear and UGS expands Androgens produced by testis stop the MD regressing UBS and MD make independent openings into the urogenital sinus Ureters enter into bladder via trigone and mesonephric ducts drain into prostate and from the prostatic urethra
40
What forms the female urethra?
The pelvic part of the urogenital sinus below the peritoneum
41
What forms the male urethra?
``` Pre-prostatic = from the urogenital sinus, before it passes into prostate gland Prostatic = formed from the urogenital sinus and receives contribution from the MD, passes through prostate Membranous = as urethra passes through peritoneum, formed from the urogenital sinus Spongy = formed by the extension and fusion of the genital fold ```
42
What influence doe dihydrotestosterone have on external genitalia?
Released by testis to cause elongation of the genital tubercle and genital folds fuse to form the spongy urethra a
43
What determines the differentiation of the external genitalia?
Presence of androgens | Ability of tissue to respond to these hormones
44
What is hypospadias?
A defect in the fusion of the genital folds | Results in the urethra opening onto the ventral surface of the penis rather than at the end of the glans penis
45
Where does the bladder and urethra develop from?
From the urogenital sinus, which is endoderm origin
46
What are the 3 divisions of the mesoderm?
Paraxial mesoderm Intermediate mesoderm Lateral mesoderm
47
What doe the different divisions of the mesoderm form?
Paraxial = vertebral column Intermediate = kidneys and gonads Lateral plate = body wall linings and dermis
48
What is the urogenital ridge?
A downwards projection of the intermediate mesoderm. Goes on the form nephrogenic cord
49
What is a mesonephros?
A functioning unit of the mesonephric duct. Can filter blood as produce urine but cannot control water absorption
50
What form the trigone region of the bladder in males?
The absorption of the mesonephric duct by the bladder
51
What stimulates the formation of the ureteric bud from the mesonephric duct?
Stimulated at the caudal end of the mesonephric duct by the growth factors released from the metanephric blastema
52
Where do we see reciprocal induction in the development of the urinary system?
During the development of the true kidney. Metanephric blastema releases GF to stimulate growth of ureteric bus into ureteric stalk and the into the renal pelvis, minor and major calyx and millions of collecting tubules. Uterovaginal stalk releases GF to stimulate the metanephric blastema to develop into the nephron
53
At what spinal level do the kidneys ordinarily ascend to?
L1
54
What structures are formed from the lower part of the urogenital sinus?
Clitoris in females | Penis in men
55
What structures are formed from the mid part of the urogenital sinus?
Urethra in females | Membranous and prostatic urethra in males
56
When is the kidney functional and able to excrete urine?
By 10 weeks

Urinary (18 decks)

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