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biological foundations of psychology > (9) somatosensory, vestibular and olfactory systems > Flashcards

(9) somatosensory, vestibular and olfactory systems Flashcards

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1
Q

-Sensory projections ascend from the

A

spinal cord into the brain through the brainstem.

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2
Q

When sensory projections travel through the thalamus, they act as…

A

which acts as a relay processing station of signals to other brain regions

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3
Q

What is a pathway?

A

Pathway is the receptor to the brain

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4
Q

What are the skins three layers?

A
  • Epidermis: thin outer layer
  • Dermis (thick inner layer)
  • Hypodermis
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5
Q

What is Glabrous Skin?

A
  • Smooth, thick skin on palms and soles of our feet , e.g. finger tips
  • Epidermis = 1.5 mm Dermis = 3 mm
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6
Q

What is Hairy Skin?

A
  • Thin skin populated with hair follicles, widespread

- Epidermis = 0.1 mm Dermis = 1-2 mm

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7
Q

What are sweat glands?

A
  • Eccrine – secrete saline (heat regulation)
  • Sebaceous – secrete complex cell cytoplasm
  • (Primary source of human body odour!)
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8
Q

What are Meissner Corpuscles?

A

Small receptive fields, fast adapting

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9
Q

What are Merkel Cells?

A

Small receptive fields, slow adapting

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10
Q

What are Ruffini Endings?

A

large receptive fields, slow adapting

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11
Q

What are Pacinian Corpuscle?

A

large receptor fields, fast adapting

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12
Q

What is the ‘Two point discrimination test’ for?

A

which skin region is more accurate

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13
Q

The receptive field of an individual sensory neuron is the

A

particular region of the sensory space in which a stimulus will modify the firing of that neuron

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14
Q

Bell-Megendie Law, in the dorsal the sensory afferents or efferents?

A

-dorsal= sensory afferents

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15
Q

Bell-Megendie Law, in the ventral the sensory afferents or efferents?

A

-ventral= motor efferents

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16
Q

Whats a Dermatome?

A

an area of skin in which sensory nerves derive from a single spinal nerve root

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17
Q

Somatosensory signals are sent through the spinal cord via the dorsal column pathway to the

A

primary somatosensory cortex (S1) in the brain.

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18
Q

What is somatotopy?

A

Each part of the skin surface is represented by a specific region of primary somatosensory cortex

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19
Q

What is “sensory homunculus”?

A

(little man) The area devoted to each body part reflects the receptor density in that part

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20
Q

What is Cortical magnification?

A

The receptive fields and cortical representations give more acuity to fingers, mouth, nose and tongue

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21
Q

Pain and touch are processed by

A

separate neural systems, Pain is detected by special receptors in the skin

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22
Q

What are Nociceptors (free nerve endings)?

A

Signal mechanical & chemical pain

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23
Q

What are Thermoceptors?

A

Signal hot and cold pain, Ending of unmyelinated C-fibers

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24
Q

What are the three types of nociceptors?

A
  1. Mechano-sensitive nociceptors (high threshold)
  2. Thermo-sensitive nociceptors (high threshold)
  3. Polymodal (chemo-sensitive) nociceptors
25
Q

What two types of firing occur at?

A

Two Types: Cold receptors fire when T decreases from 34°C, maximal firing at 25°C
Warmth receptors fire when T increases from 34°C, maximal firing at 45°C

26
Q

How are hot sensations detected?

A

noxious stimulus detected by nociceptors, not thermal receptors

27
Q

What are thermoceptors resting state?

A

34 degrees

28
Q

Pain perception has two components

A

fast and slow

29
Q

What is fast pain?

A
  • Fast (first) pain is sharp, instantaneous, and tends to fade
  • Fast pain is signalled by myelinated (fast) Aδ(”A-delta”) nerve fibers
30
Q

What is slow pain?

A
  • Slow (second) pain is delayed, dull, diffuse, and long-lasting
  • Slow pain is signalled by unmyelinated (slow) C fibers
31
Q

Pain signals travel through the spino-thalamic tract to the brain – runs parallel to…

A

somatosensory (dorsal column) pathways

32
Q

Pain signals travel through the spino-thalamic tract are…

A
  • Afferent to spinal cord laminae I & II
  • Cross midline to contralateral anterolateral column
  • Ascend via direct (spinothalamic) and indirect pathways to thalamus
  • To somatosensory cortex
33
Q

What are the two central pain systems?

A

EMOTIONAL AVERSIVE and SENSORY DISCRIMINATIVE

34
Q

What is the emotional aversive?

A
  • Amygdala, anterior cingulate cortex, insular cortex

- Mediate perception of fear, anxiety, and

35
Q

What is the sensory discriminative?

A
  • Somatosensory cortex (S1 & S2)

- Mediate perception of location, intensity, and “quality” of painful stimuli

36
Q

The vestibular labyrinth answers two questions basic to the human condition:

A

where I am? which way is up?

37
Q

What are Semicircular Canals?

A

head angular acceleration

38
Q

What is a Otholiths head?

A

linear acceleration gravity

-Can’t stop from firing

39
Q

Semi-circular canals filled with

A

liquid (endolymph)

40
Q

Rotation of head cause liquid to move

A

opposite to rotation

41
Q

Rotation of head cause liquid to move opposite to rotation which causes…

A

-This bends the jelly-like cupula, causing embedded vestibular hair cells to bend and fire action potentials

42
Q

What does the otoliths consist of~?

A

The otoliths consist of hair cells embedded in a gelatinous (jelly-like) substance, covered with heavy calcium carbonate crystals

43
Q

What does linear acceleration cause?

A

Linear acceleration (e.g. tilting the head) cause the crystals to pull the gelatinous substance downward, bending hair cell stereocilia and causing depolarisation

44
Q

What is the Vestibulo-ocular reflex?

A

keep the eyes still in space when the head moves, stops feelings of sickness and gives stability

45
Q

What is the Vestibulo-collic reflex?

A

keeps the head still in space –or on a level plane when you walk

46
Q

What is the Vestibulo-spinal reflex?

A

adjusts posture for rapid changes in position, posture and balance

47
Q

Information about rotation and tilt travels through the brainstem and cerebellum and helps maintain

A

posture

48
Q

Vestibulo-ocular reflex allows maintaining

A

gaze while rotating or moving head

49
Q

Smells are detected by specialised

A

Smells are detected by specialised olfactory receptors (6) in the nasal cavity (olfactory epithelium [4])

50
Q

Olfactory receptors send axons to the

A

Olfactory receptors send axons to the olfactory bulb(1) where they contact mitral cells (2) that send signals to the brain through the olfactory nerve

51
Q

Olfactory receptors and mitral cells contact each other in structures called

A

Olfactory receptors and mitral cells contact each other in structures called glomeruli. Each glomerulus responds to one type of odorant, corresponding to one type of olfactory receptor neuron

52
Q

Olfactory receptors have special receptor proteins in their…
Each olfactory receptor has only…

A
  • Olfactory receptors have special receptor proteins in their cell membrane
  • Each olfactory receptor has only one type of receptor protein which bind specific odorant molecules
  • This sets of a G-protein chain reaction that causes the receptor to depolarise and fire action potentials
53
Q

Signals from the olfactory nerve travel to the

A

pyriform cortex

54
Q

Neurons in pyriform cortex respond to

A

odours

55
Q

-Olfactory signals are also sent to the

A

amygdala (emotional responses)

56
Q

What are the 5 basic tastes?

A
  • Sweet
  • Sour
  • Salty
  • Bitter
  • Savoury/umami
57
Q

Taste (gustatory) receptors are located in

A

taste buds on surface of taste papillae

58
Q

Information about taste is transmitted from taste receptors through the

A

thalamus to the gustatory cortex in the insula

biological foundations of psychology (11 decks)

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