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Biological Foundations of Psychology > (2) Functional Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

(2) Functional Neuroanatomy Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the neuron doctrine?

A
  • Are the basic unit of the nervous system
  • Are distinct and separate from each other (rather than a single network)
  • Have cell bodies, axons and dendrites
  • Transmit information – in one direction only
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2
Q

What does the neuron do?

A

Receives and processes signals: Collects information, integrates information, conducts information and outputs information

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3
Q

What happens when a neuron connects to another neuron?

A
  • Can stimulate other neurons (excitatory synapses/neurons)
  • Can inhibit other neurons (inhibitory synapses/neurons)
  • Can receive input from many neurons
  • Can send output to many neurons
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4
Q

What are Glial cells?

A

also known as glia or neuroglia. Nonneuronal brain cells that provide structural, nutritional and other types of support to the brain

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5
Q

-Neurons and Glia are the…

A
  • Building blocks of the NS and small
  • Low (or no) contrast under microscope
  • Special chemical techniques
  • Static staining and fibre tracing
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6
Q

What do neurons do?

A

Receive, process, transmit and output information

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7
Q

The brain consists of a myriad of interconnected …

A

neural circuits performing under different functions

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8
Q

The function of the neural circuit depends on:

A

How the neurons are connected, how strong the connections (synapses) are and whether the connections (synapses) are excitatory (EPSP) or inhibitory (IPSP)

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9
Q

The function of the neural circuit can change through changes in…

A

synaptic strength

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10
Q

What functions do glial cells have?

A
  • Were thought to just hold things together
  • Protective function
  • Metabolic function
  • More to come in next years
  • Divide throughout life
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11
Q

What are the 4 types of glia?

A
  • Astrocytes: star shaped
  • Oligodendrocytes: few extensions
  • CNS (central nervous system)
  • (Microglia: smaller than rest)
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12
Q

What are Astrocytes?

A
  • Attach to the blood vessels and neurons
  • Provide physical support
  • Separate synapses
  • Clean up debris
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13
Q

What are Oligodendrocytes?

A
  • Support axons
  • Insulate axons & speed up information transmission
  • Wrap around them: myelin sheath
  • In PNS: Schwann cells
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14
Q

What is Multiple Sclerosis?

A
  • Demyelinating disease
  • Induces numerous scars (multiple scleroses) in the brain
  • Immune system attacks the myelin produced by oligodendrocytes
  • Probably an autoimmune disease
  • Inflammation of CNS nerves
  • Affects insulating layer of axons
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15
Q

What is Microglia?

A
  • Aren’t really a glia
  • Precursors of blood cells
  • Part of the brain’s immune system
  • Related to macrophages
  • Eat up debris and hostile bits
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16
Q

What is the CNS?

A

brain and the spinal cord

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17
Q

What is the PNS?

A

All the nerves and neurons that reside outside or extend beyond the CNS

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18
Q

What is a Nerve?

A

an enclosed bundle of axons

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19
Q

What are the Structural subdivisions of the PNS?

A

cranial nerves and spinal nerves

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20
Q

What are the Functional subdivisions of the PNS?

A

somatic nervous system, autonomic nervous systems, sympathetic nervous system, parasympathetic nervous system

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21
Q

31 Pairs of Spinal Nerves

A

-One pair for each spinal segment: 8 cervical nerve pairs, 12 thoracic nerve pairs, 5 lumbar nerve pairs, 5 sacral nerve pairs and 1 coccygeal nerve pair

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22
Q

Each nerve has a

A

Ventral (toward front) root

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23
Q

What are efferent fibres?

A

projecting away from the CNS

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24
Q

What are afferent fibres?

A

projecting towards the CNS

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25
Q

What is the Somatic nervous system?

A

-Part of the PNS that controls voluntary body movements and conducts sensory information

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26
Q

Autonomic nervous system: Was thought to be independent and part of the PNS that controls…

A

homeostasis, in charge of circulation, breathing, digestion, sexual function

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27
Q

What is the brain and skull?

A
  • The largest part of the nervous system

- Cushioned by fluid, protected by bone

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28
Q

What is the Brain protected by?

A

skull

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29
Q

What is the Spinal cord protected by?

A

vertebrae

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30
Q

What are Meninges?

A

the three protective sheets of tissue - dura mater, pia mater and arachnoid - that surround the brain and the spinal cord

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31
Q

The CNS floats in the

A

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) -

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32
Q

What is the CSF for?

A
  • Protection
  • Nutrition
  • Outside the CNS
  • Sub-arachnoid space
  • Inside the CNS
  • Four ventricles
  • Central canals
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33
Q

What is white matter?

A

a shiny layer underneath the cortex that consists largely of axons with white myelin sheaths

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34
Q

What is grey matter?

A

areas of the brain that are dominated by cell bodies and are devoid of myelin

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35
Q

The naked eye can distinguish

A

grey and white parts in the brain and spinal cord

36
Q

-Lateral:

A

to the side

37
Q

-Medial:

A

to the middle

38
Q

-Ipsi:

A

same

39
Q

-Contra:

A

opposite

40
Q

-Ipsilateral:

A

on the same side

41
Q

-Contralateral:

A

on the opposite side

42
Q

-Bilateral:

A

on both sides

43
Q

-Superior:

A

to the top

44
Q

-Inferior:

A

to the bottom

45
Q

-Anterior:

A

to the front

46
Q

-Posterior:

A

to the back

47
Q

Dorsal:

A

towards the backbone

48
Q

Ventral:

A

towards the stomach

49
Q

-Rostral:

A

towards the snout

50
Q

-Caudal:

A

towards the tail

51
Q

What is the Brainstem classification?

A

(= hindbrain + mesencephalon – cerebellum)

52
Q

What is the Diencephalon classification?

A

(= thalamus + hypothalamus)

53
Q

What is the Forebrain classification?

A

(= isocortex + basal ganglia + limbic system)

54
Q

What is the purpose of the spinal cord?

A
  • Connects the brain to the body
  • Houses local reflex pathways
  • E.g. patellar reflex
55
Q

What is the purpose of the brainstem?

A

-Controls vital body functions
-Breathing
-Heartbeat
Artery dilation
-Salivation
-Vomiting
-Contains the nuclei for cranial nerves III–XII
-The pons is closely connected to the cerebellum
-Important for movement and balance

56
Q

What does the midbrain contain?

A

The midbrain contains important sensory and motor centres

57
Q

What is the purpose of the cerebellum?

A
  • Interfaces with the pons
  • Receives sensory and motor information
  • Massive fibre bundles connect it to the brainstem
  • Coordinates movement
  • Balance
  • Motor planning
  • Motor learning
  • Eye movement control
58
Q

Where is the The Diencephalon and what does it consist of?

A
  • Between brain

- Consist of the thalamus and hypothalamus

59
Q

What is the Thalamus?

A
  • Complex cluster of nuclei
  • Motor nuclei
  • Sensory nuclei
60
Q

What does the thalamus do?

A
  • Connected to almost any area of cortex
  • Most important relay station for outputs from and inputs to the cortex
  • Involved in regulating sleep and wakefulness
61
Q

What is The Hypothalamus and where is it located?

A
  • Below the thalamus

- A cluster of numerous nuclei

62
Q

What does the hypothalamus regulate?

A
  • Regulates homeostasis, metabolic processes, autonomic activities
  • Body temperature
  • Hunger
  • Thirst
  • Circadian cycles
  • Reproductive behaviour
  • Links nervous and endocrine (hormone) systems via pituitary gland
63
Q

Subcortical nuclei important for

A

movement

64
Q

Subcortical and allocortical structures important for

A

learning, memory and emotion

65
Q

What is the Basal Ganglia comprised of?

A
  • Caudate nucleus
  • Putamen
  • Globus pallidus
  • Substantia nigra (midbrain)
66
Q

What does the Basal Ganglia control?

A
  • Important for movement control
  • Degenerative diseases
  • Parkinson’s disease
  • Huntington’s disease
67
Q

What is the Limbic System involved in?

A

-Involved in emotion (recognition & production), motivation and emotional memory

68
Q

-Hippocampus is essential for

A

memory formation

69
Q

What is the largest area of the brain?

A

the cerebrum

70
Q

What does the cerebrum consist of?

A

Consists of the two cerebral hemispheres connected by a large white matter fibre bundle – the corpus callosum

71
Q

What is the outer layer of the cerebrum?

A

The outer layer of the cerebrum is grey matter – the cerebral cortex
-Underneath the cerebral cortex are massive nerve fibre bundles – cortical white matter

72
Q

The type of cortex in the cerebrum is called

A

isocortex or neocortex

73
Q

Isocortex has _____ of cells

-Allocortex has _____ cell layers

A

six layers

less than six

74
Q

Each hemisphere of the cerebral cortex forms a single

A

deeply folded surface which allow allow larger surface area

75
Q

Gyrus (pl. gyri) =

A

ridge

76
Q

Sulcus (pl. sulci) =

A

groove

77
Q

Fissure =

A

deep sulcus

78
Q

The surface of the cerebral cortex is organized into cortical areas, Each area is defined by having a unique combination of 3 [or 4] specific criteria:

A
  • Physiology (function)
  • Architecture (anatomy)
  • Connectivity (connections)
  • [Topography (maps)]
79
Q

four lobes, all serve similar functions

A
  • Frontal lobe
  • Parietal lobe
  • Temporal lobe
  • Occipital lobe
80
Q

What does the Occipital lobe do?

A
  • The smallest of the four lobes
  • Concerned with visual processing
  • Separated from parietal lobe by parieto-occipital sulcus
  • Calcarine sulcus – primary visual cortex
81
Q

What is the Parietal Lobe important for?

A
  • Somatosensory perception
  • Intersensory integration
  • Spatial vision
  • Spatial attention
  • If lesioned
  • Visual neglect
  • Gerstmann’s syndrome (dysgraphia, dyscalculia, finger agnosia, left-right confusion)
  • Bálint’s syndrome (optic ataxia, optic apraxia, simultaneous agnosia
82
Q

Where is the Parietal Lobe?

A

-Separated from frontal lobe by central sulcus (fissure)

83
Q

What is the temporal lobe important for?

A

High-level visual processing

  • Object recognition
  • Face recognition
  • Medial temporal lobe
  • Memory
  • Amygdala
  • Emotion, fear
84
Q

Where is the Temporal Lobe located?

A

-Separated from frontal lobe by Sylvian fissure (lateral sulcus)

85
Q

What is the frontal lobe important for?

A
  • Makes us human
  • Makes us grown up
  • Functions
  • Movement
  • Impulse control, judgement, language production, memory, problem solving, sexual behaviour, social behaviour
  • Involved in planning, coordinating, controlling and executing behaviour
86
Q

Where is the frontal lobe located?

A
  • Separated from
  • Parietal lobe by central sulcus
  • Temporal lobe by lateral sulcus

Biological Foundations of Psychology (11 decks)

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