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Psych 1FF3 > 9-Psychological Disorders > Flashcards

9-Psychological Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

4 D’s of abnormality

A
  • Deviance: thoughts emotions and behaviours that fall far from the standard
  • Distress: intense negative feelings
  • Dysfunction: in areas of their daily lives
  • Danger: to oneself or another

these aren’t perfect indicators of good/poor mental health

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2
Q

Two main functions of the DSM5

A
  1. Categorize and describe disorders to create a common set of diagnostic criteria for clinicians
  2. Allows for communication between clinicians with a common language
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3
Q

Categorical classification model

define

A
  • categories defined by rigid boundaries
  • mutually exclusive

eg: can only be tall or short

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4
Q

Dimensional classification model

define

A
  • classified items on either end of a spectrum
  • individuals fall along the spectrum
  • does not need to be linear can be a set of symptoms each with their own scores

eg: measuring height in cm allows for classification beyond tall and short

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5
Q

What does the high degree of comorbitity among DSM5 disorders suggest?

A

May be evidence that it is an ineffective classification system

(diagnostic criteria overlap too much)

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6
Q

Epidemiology

definition within abnormal psych

A

the study of the distribution of disorders in a population

eg: women are more likely to be diagnosed with depression

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7
Q

Prognosis

definition + types

A

the probable course of an illness

  • acute: fast onset, requires immediate treatment
  • chronic: long lasting, develop over time
  • episodic: recurrent phases separated by periods of “normal” functioning
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8
Q

Prevalence

definition

A

= (# of people in sample with x) / (total # of people in sample)

can be measured at a point, annually or over a lifetime

eg: (# of women with depression) / (# of women in sample)

x = characteristic

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9
Q

Symptomatology

definition

A

collection of behaviours, thoughts or feelings that may be a potential indicator of a specific psychological disorder

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10
Q

Heterogeneity

definition in the context of psych disorders

A

the possibility that two people diagnosed with the same disorder may have different symptoms at different severities

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11
Q

MDD (Major Depressive Disorder)

symptomatology

A
  • hopelessness/helplessness
  • anhedonia
  • sadness
  • restless (catatonic excitement) or slowed (catatonic stupor)
  • guilt or worthlessness
  • difficulty concentrating
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12
Q

GAD (Generalized Anxiety Disorder)

symptomatology

A
  • intense, prolonged anxiety that interferes with daily activity
  • anxiety triggered by trivial situations
  • physical stress (fatigue, heart racing, sweaty palms…)
  • difficulty concentrating
  • cannot control these anxieties
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13
Q

Schizophrenia

symptomatology

A

Positive: addition of abnormal behaviours
- hallucinations
- delusions
- disorganized thinking
- disorganized motor behaviour: catatonic excitement or stupor (restlenessness or slowedness)

Negative: abscence of typical behaviours
- Alogia: reduction in speech
- Anhedonia: inability to feel pleasure
- Affect: very little emotional responsiveness
- Asociality: decreased engagement with the world
- Avolition: lack of motivation

two classifications of symptoms

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14
Q

Etiology

definition

A

the cause of, or set of causes, of a disorder

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15
Q

Twin studies

list types + define + explain how they’re used

A

Dizygotic: Fraternal twins, as genetically similar as siblings, but may have more similar upbringings
Monozygotic: Identical twins, same genetics

If monozygotic twins have a higher concordance rate than dizygotic twins, the trait likely has a strong genetic component

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16
Q

genetics

Concordance

A

when individuals (particularily in twin studies) share a trait

17
Q

What are some disorders with a large genetic component?

A
  • Schizophrenia
  • Anxiety Disorders
  • Depression Disorders
18
Q

Neurotransmitters linked to disorders

list

A
  • Depression: low levels of dopamine and norepinephrine activity
  • Anxiety and Depression: serotonin and GABA levels often involved

these are links, not the exhaustive cause of the disorder

19
Q

Which part of the brain is implicated in anxiety disorders and how?

A

Hyperactive amygdala correlated to specific phobias, social anxiety and panic disorder

20
Q

Limitations of the biological model

A
  • gaps in knowledge
  • simplifications
  • many assumptions need to be made
21
Q

Diathesis-Stress model

A

visualise the graph
A graph explaining how the diathesis (strong genetic influence) and stress (environmental factors) can combine to increase the likelihood of developing a disorder

eg: schizophrenia is well explained by this model

22
Q

Behavioural model

A

External factors are not the cause, but our response to external factors can induce mental illness.

Our behaviours/responses have been trained through rewards, punishments and modelling. These behaviours are the cause of the development of disorders.

23
Q

Behavioural model and depression

how does the model explain depression

A

Individuals with poor social skills don’t develop the proper behaviours around socialization.

They cannot derive positive reinforcement from others and hence develop low mood and self blame.

These behaviours can elicit sympathy, attention and concern from others, which may in turn excacerbate symptoms.

24
Q

Learned Helpnessness

A

Exposing creatures to mild electric (non-fatal) shocks in a closed cage leads them to stop attempting escape

Later, if they are placed in an open cage and given a shock, they will not attempt to escape

25
Q

Flaws with the bahavioural model

A
  • cannot explain all disorders
  • not always effective outside of therapist office
  • thought to ignore our capability to think, plan and remember
26
Q

Cognitive model

A

Mental disorder results from maladaptive or inappropriate ways of selecting and interpreting information from the environment

Maladaptive thoughts are reinforced by cognitive distortions (misperceptions) of reality

27
Q

Cognitive distortions

define + list (optional)

A

misperceptions of reality that occur in the absence of any external evidence

  • catastrophizing
  • overgeneralizing
  • personalizing
  • minimizing
  • selective abstraction
  • dichotomous thinking
28
Q

Cognitive model and depression

A
  • tend to interpret neutral or positive events as negative
  • depressogenic schemata: maladaptive way of evaluating themselves and their experiences

Psych 1FF3 (9 decks)

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