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Psych 1FF3 > 3-Neuroscience > Flashcards

3-Neuroscience Flashcards

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1
Q

Dualist framework

person who created it + definition

A

René Descartes
The brain acts as the link between mental processes and the body

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2
Q

Neuron anatomy

zones + structures in each

A

Receptive zone
- Dendrites
- Cell body

Transmission Zone
- Axon
- Axon terminal
- Terminal boutons

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3
Q

Dendrites

purpose/function

A
  • reach out to neurons
  • receive signals
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4
Q

Cell body (neuron)

purpose/function

A
  • carries genetic info (nucleus)
  • maintains structure
  • provides energy
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5
Q

Axon

purpose/function

A
  • transmits signal
  • varies in length (cm to ft long)
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6
Q

Axon Terminal + Terminal Boutons

purpose/function

A
  • reach out and connect to other neurons
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7
Q

Action potential

trigger: effect on EP –> effect on channels

A
  1. Stimulus: increase EP –> Na channels open
  2. Na enters cell: EP increases to +ive –> K channels open
  3. K leaves cell: EP still rising –> Na channels close
  4. K continues to leave cell: EP decreases just below resting potential –> K channels close
  5. Sodium potassium pump and Leak potassium channels return EP to baseline
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8
Q

Action Potential

important voltages name + value

A
  • 70mV: Resting potential
  • 50mV: Threshold for action potential
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9
Q

Refractory period

types + events under this period

A

Absolute RP: impossible to trigger another AP
- Na or K channels are opened, cannot be reopened

Relative RP: another AP is possible but more difficult
- larger stim needed as EP is below resting potential
- OR EP is below threshold but K channels still open

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10
Q

message encoding

via action potentials

A

messages encoded via frequency of action potentials, not intensity

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11
Q

Glial cells

purpose

A

Help neurons with:
- structural support
- nourishment
- insulation

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12
Q

Myelin sheaths

description + purpose + types and their location

A

cells which coat segments of the axon
- allow for faster conduction of AP’s through saltatory conduction

CNS: Oligodendrocytes
PNS: Schwann cells

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13
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

description + purpose

A

uncovered segments of axon between myelin sheaths
- limit where ions from APs can diffuse in and out

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14
Q

Synapse

description + purpose

A

junction between presynaptic and postsynaptic neuron
- where communication between neurons occurs

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15
Q

Anatomy of a synapse

major structures + important structures within them

A
  • Presynaptic neuron
    • vesicles containing NT’s
  • Synapse & synaptic cleft
  • Postsynaptic neuron
    • receptors
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16
Q

Steps for neurotransmission

across a synapse

A
  1. AP triggers vesicles containing NT’s to fuse with cell wall
  2. NT floats in synaptic cleft
  3. NT binds to postsynaptic receptor
  4. transmission continues via excitatory or inhibitory post synaptic potential
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17
Q

Methods of neurotransmission

types + description + purpose

A

EPSP (excitatory PSP)
- Depolarization: modify ion channels to increase EP in next neuron. eg: allow Na in
- makes AP easier or triggers AP

IPSP (inhibitory PSP)
- Hyperpolarization: modify ion channels to decrease EP in next neuron. eg: allow Cl in
- makes AP more difficult to trigger

PSP: post synaptic potential

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18
Q

Neural Development

A
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19
Q

Neural differentiation

A
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20
Q

Neuron Maturation

3 facts about it

A
  • neurons mature by connecting with other neurons
  • only connected neurons survive
  • # of synapses peaks at 1 year old
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21
Q

Neuraxis

6 terms

A

Rostral - Caudal: towards frontal lobe - towards brain stem

Ventral - Dorsal: towards the stomach/chin - towards the back/top of the head

Medial - Lateral: towards - away from the midline of the body

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22
Q

Neuroimaging techniques

2 basic categories

A

Structural

Functional

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22
Q

Lesion studies

description + benefits and drawbacks + 1 example

A

analysing the impact of damage to a region of the brain
- find a direct cause and effect
- injuries aren’t precise and we cannot ethically damage a human’s brain

Phineas Gage: injury to frontal lobe caused major behavioural changes

22
Q

Targeted electrical stimulation

description + purpose

A

single cell stimulation (electrical impulse to one neuron)
- helped map behaviour to specific brain regions

23
Q

Single cell recording

description + purpose

A

electrode placed directly next to neuron (thin needle in the brain)
- records firing pattern of the neuron in response to a stimulus

23
Q

structural imaging techniques

types + description + purpose

A

CT scan: X-ray images of XY slices of the brain
- best for quick, cheap and low res images

MRI: magnetic fields align H atoms to locate tissues
- best for high res images but slower and pricier to obtain

CT: Computed Tomography
MRI: Magnetic Resonance Imaging

24
Q

functional imaging techniques

types + description + purpose

A

PET: radioactive tracer injected (glucose or O2), scan shows map of where tracers are being used
- determine metabolic activity of regions but injection is invasive, not temporally accurate

fMRI: measures blood oxygen levels in regions of the brain
- determine metabolic activity of the brain but not temporally accurate

EEG: records electrical activity of neuron populations through electrodes on the scalp
- time sensitive and not invasive

PET: Positron Emission Tomography
EEG: Electroencephalogram

25
Q

3 broad regions of the brain

A
  • Hindbrain
  • Midbrain
  • Forebrain
26
Q

Hindbrain

overall purpose + structure names

A

Mostly for regulation of vital bodily functions

Reticular formation
Cerebellum
Medulla
Pons

27
Q

Reticular formation

basic purpose

A

Role in:
- circadian rhythms
- arousal
- motivation
- posture and balance

28
Q

Cerebellum

basic purpose

A

coordinated and fine movements

29
Q

Medulla

basic purpose

A

regulates:
- breathing
- digestion
- heart rate
- autonomic reflexes

30
Q

Pons

basic purpose

A

Role in:
- movement
- auditory perception
- emotional processing

31
Q

Midbrain

overall purpose + regions + structures

A

Perception, arousal and motor control

Tectum:
- Superior colliculus
- Inferior colliculus

Tagmentum:
- Red nucleus
- Substantia Nigra

32
Q

Tectum

structures and purpose

A

Superior colliculus: visual perception
Inferior colliculus: auditory perception

33
Q

Tegmentum

structures and purpose

A

Red nucleus: role in motor control
Substantia Nigra: reward related behaviours via release of dopamine

34
Q

Forebrain: subcortical sections

basic purpose + labels

A

Emotion, memory, perception, thought

Limbic system
- Hypothalamus
- Pituitary gland
- Thalamus
- Amygdala
- Hippocampus

35
Q

Hypothalamus

basic purpose

A
  • stress response
  • energy metabolism
  • hormonal control

Fight, Flight, Feeding, Fucking

36
Q

Pituitary gland

structures + basic purpose

A

Anterior pituitary: hormones for
- thyroid
- testes/ovaries
- adrenals

Posterior pituitary: extension of the hypothalamus
- oxytocin
- vasopressin

37
Q

Thalamus

basic purpose

A

central relay for axons, all senses synapse here EXCEPT our sense of smell

38
Q

Amygdala

basic purpose

A

Role in emotional processing, especially fear responses

39
Q

Hippocampus

basic purpose

A
  • hold short term memories
  • involved in transferring short term to long lerm memory
  • spatial mapping of the world
  • neurogenesis (even in adulthood)
40
Q

Forebrain: Cerebral cortex sections

labels

A

Lobes:
- Frontal
- Occipital
- Parietal
- Temporal

41
Q

bumps and grooves in the brain

terms

A

Gyri: bumps/ridges

Sulci: grooves/indents
Fissures: deep grooves often separating lobes

42
Q

Occipital lobe

location + role + subsections

A

Caudal and dorsal (back of the brain)

Visual processing

Sections:
- primary visual cortex

43
Q

Notable Fissures and Sulci

labels + locations

A

Sylvian fissure: seperates temporal and frontal lobes

Longitudinal fissure: seperates left and right hemispheres of the brain

Central sulcus: seperates frontal and parietal lobes

44
Q

Temporal lobe

location + role + subsections

A

Lateral, by the ears-ish

Further visual processing, auditory processing, partially responsible for memory and language processing

Sections:
- primary auditory cortex
- Wernicke’s area (left side)

45
Q

Parietal lobe

location + role + subsections

A

Top, middle of the head, down the sides slightly

Touch processing, spatial representations (orientation…)

Sections:
- primary somatosensory cortex

46
Q

Frontal Lobe

location + role + subsections

A

Rostral, forehead and top of head area

Motor processing, decision making and higher order thought

Sections:
- primary motor cortex
- broca’s area (left side)

47
Q

Brain laterelization

definition

A

When a function is specialized on one side of the brain

48
Q

Broca’s area

purpose and location

A

Left side of the frontal lobe

Motor production of speech

49
Q

Wernike’s Area

purpose and location

A

Left temporal lobe

Language comprehension (through hearing)

50
Q

Types of language aphasia

names + damaged region + effects

A

Expressive aphasia: damaged Broca’s area –> lacks the motor control for speech

Receptive aphasia: damaged Wernicke’s area –> cannot comphrehend speech

51
Q

Corpus callosum

location + purpose

A

thick segment of neurons connecting the L and R hemispheres, medial

carries info between the two hemispheres

52
Q

Split brain syndrome

cause + effects

A

Severed corpus callosum –> independently operating hemispheres, some effects:
- cannot verbally name an object seen by the left visual field as the left hemisphere will not see the object

Psych 1FF3 (9 decks)

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