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Psych 1FF3 > 4-Vision > Flashcards

4-Vision Flashcards

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1
Q

Range of wavelengths of light that humans can see

A

360nm (~400nm)
to
750nm (~800nm)

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2
Q

Which mammals have colour vision?

A

Primates

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3
Q

Which traits of light waves correspond to hue, brightness or saturation?

A

Wavelength/Frequency: hue
Amplitude: brightness
Purity: saturation

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4
Q

Eye anatomy

label diagram “Eye anatomy - 1”

A
  1. Iris
  2. Cornea
  3. Pupil
  4. Sclera
  5. Lens
  6. Retina
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5
Q

In what orientation does an image land on the retina?

A

Upside down
and
Reversed left to right

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6
Q

Which part of the eye controls light intake?

A

the muscles of the iris controlling the pupil size

larger pupil –> more light

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7
Q

Which part of the eye allows us to focus on objects that are far vs close?

A

the muscles controlling the lens

constricted lens –> close objects
elongated long lens –> far objects

This is called accomodation

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8
Q

Name for the fluid inside of the eye

A

vitreous humor

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9
Q

Retina anatomy

layers + purpose + label diagram

A

Back
1. Photoreceptors: translate physical stim. to neural impulse
2. Bipolar cells: send info to next layer
3. Ganglion cells: neurons sending info to the brain
Front

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10
Q

Part of the retina which provides nutrients

A

Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE)

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11
Q

Photoreceptors

types + purpose + location

A

Rods:
- night vision
- black and white
- concentrated in periphery

Cones
- day vision
- colour sensing
- concentrated in the fovea

we have more rods than cones

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12
Q

Blind spot of the eye

name + why it exists/what it’s made of

A

Optic disc: composed of ganglion cell axons

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13
Q

Cells which combine information in the retina

names + location

A

Horizontal cells: between layers 1&2

Amacrine cells: between layers 2&3

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14
Q

Fovea

description

A

small depression in the retina where visual acuity is highest

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15
Q

Visual processing diagram

draw diagram + pathway labels

A
  • optic chiasm
  • optic tracts
  • lateral geniculate nucleus (part of thalamus)
  • primary visual cortex (occipital lobe)
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16
Q

Alternate names for the primary visual cortex

A
  • Area V1
  • Striate cortex
17
Q

Area of the occipital lobe outside the primary visual cortex

name + what it contains + purpose

A

extrastriate cortex

contains: areas V2 through V5

purpose: processing colour, motion and object recognition

18
Q

Streams of visual processing after the occipital lobe

names + purpose + location

A

Dorsal stream: where pathway - depth and motion
- ‘up’ to parietal lobe

Ventral stream: what pathway - colour and form
- ‘down’ to temporal lobe

19
Q

what happens to visual information as it is processed?

A

it becomes compressed
(input from many cells condenses to few cells)

20
Q

Evolution of the eye

basic stages, name + features

A
  • light sensitive patch: detect *presence *of light
  • curved “cup” eye: direction of light
  • pinhole eye: help focus light
  • crude lens: increase focusing
  • adjustable lens: allows for accomodation to change focus with distance
21
Q

Cumulative selection

A

elvolutionary process where adaptations are layered upon old adaptations

eg: the evolution of the eye –> gradual progression to a highly complex organ

22
Q

2 broad categories of eyes

name + which creatures have them + basic features

A

Simple eyes
- found in vertebrates and mollusks
- eyeball, lens and retina

Compound eyes
- anthropods (insects and crabs)
- ommatidia, lens retina

23
Q

Main two functions of the eye

A
  • Resolution (acuity)
  • Sensitivity (ability to get sufficient light)
24
Q

What are the two features of vision that eye size can benefit?

A

Acuity or Night Vision

Eyes will typically evolve to either have more cones OR more rods

25
Q

What are the two features of vision that eye placement can benefit

A

Depth perception or Field of view

Eyes on the front of the head have better depth perception and eyes on the sides of the head have a wider field of view

26
Q

Eye development in humans
Prenatal events

A

2nd prenatal month
- eyes form

6th prenatal month
- eyes react to light
- random firing of retinal cells

27
Q

Eye development in humans
Events after child is born

A

Newborn
- weak lense muscles
- inconsistent pupil reactions
- low cell density in retina
- retina cells are immature

3 months old
- almost adult-like focusing

11 years old
- complete visual brain area development

28
Q

Myopia vs Hyperopia

A

Psych 1FF3 (9 decks)

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