9. Obesity Flashcards
Define obesity?
Excessively high accumulation of body fat or adipose tissue in relation to lean body mass. Individuals are usually at a higher clinical risk because of excess amounts of body fat (BMI > 30)
Is obesity a disease?
yes
Describe weight gain in terms of energy
Energy in exceeds energy out. Increase intake, decrease expenditure
What does total energy expenditure equal?
Heat produced + work on environment
What is obligatory energy expenditure?
Basal metabolic rate
What is total energy expenditure made up of?
Obligatory energy expenditure, physical activity and adaptive thermogenesis
What is adaptive thermogenesis?
Variable, regulated by the brain. responds to temperature and diet
What is BMI?
BMI = weight(kg)/Height (m^2)
How is obesity changing in the UK?
Increasing
What disease is linked to obesity?
Diabetes (type 2)
What age group are the highest for obesity?
55-64
In the UK where is obesity highest?
Scotland and North England - poorest in society
What percentage of genes explains obesity?
5% - obesity is mainly environment driven
What gene is accounts for 15% of child obesity?
Agouti gene
Why might the food intake decrease but cases of obesity increase?
People don’t report how much they eat accurately
If the average person eats 900000 kcals per year how much extra weight gain should be expected?
1lb
How much does it cost to treat obesity directly?
£49m
What is the total direct and indirect costs to treat obesity?
£3.7bn
What are the effects of obesity?
Depression Stroke Sleep apnoea Ischaemic heart disease Gall stones Cancers Hypertension Diabetes Osteoarthritis Infertility Gout
Which body shape is associated with more risk in obesity?
Android (apple) vs gynoid (pear) obesity.
Gynoid is associated with more risk
In terms of waist circumference what types of people have greater disease risk?
People with a bigger waist circumference
Which people have high insulin resistance? Obese with low EVF or obese with high EVF
Obese High EVF - metabolic syndrome
How does high amount of visceral adipose tissue affect the body?
Impaired insulin sensitivity Susceptibility to thrombosis More inflammation markers Impaired endothelial function High risk of coronary heart disease
How can weight loss be achieved?
Diet Exercise Behavioural therapy Drugs Surgery
