9. Obesity

Question 1

Define obesity?

Answer 1

Excessively high accumulation of body fat or adipose tissue in relation to lean body mass. Individuals are usually at a higher clinical risk because of excess amounts of body fat (BMI > 30)

Question 2

Is obesity a disease?

Answer 2

yes

Question 3

Describe weight gain in terms of energy

Answer 3

Energy in exceeds energy out. Increase intake, decrease expenditure

Question 4

What does total energy expenditure equal?

Answer 4

Heat produced + work on environment

Question 5

What is obligatory energy expenditure?

Answer 5

Basal metabolic rate

Question 6

What is total energy expenditure made up of?

Answer 6

Obligatory energy expenditure, physical activity and adaptive thermogenesis

Question 7

What is adaptive thermogenesis?

Answer 7

Variable, regulated by the brain. responds to temperature and diet

Question 8

What is BMI?

Answer 8

BMI = weight(kg)/Height (m^2)

Question 9

How is obesity changing in the UK?

Answer 9

Increasing

Question 10

What disease is linked to obesity?

Answer 10

Diabetes (type 2)

Question 11

What age group are the highest for obesity?

Answer 11

55-64

Question 12

In the UK where is obesity highest?

Answer 12

Scotland and North England - poorest in society

Question 13

What percentage of genes explains obesity?

Answer 13

5% - obesity is mainly environment driven

Question 14

What gene is accounts for 15% of child obesity?

Answer 14

Agouti gene

Question 15

Why might the food intake decrease but cases of obesity increase?

Answer 15

People don’t report how much they eat accurately

Question 16

If the average person eats 900000 kcals per year how much extra weight gain should be expected?

Answer 16

1lb

Question 17

How much does it cost to treat obesity directly?

Answer 17

£49m

Question 18

What is the total direct and indirect costs to treat obesity?

Answer 18

£3.7bn

Question 19

What are the effects of obesity?

Answer 19

Depression
Stroke
Sleep apnoea
Ischaemic heart disease
Gall stones
Cancers
Hypertension
Diabetes
Osteoarthritis
Infertility
Gout

Question 20

Which body shape is associated with more risk in obesity?

Answer 20

Android (apple) vs gynoid (pear) obesity.

Gynoid is associated with more risk

Question 21

In terms of waist circumference what types of people have greater disease risk?

Answer 21

People with a bigger waist circumference

Question 22

Which people have high insulin resistance? Obese with low EVF or obese with high EVF

Answer 22

Obese High EVF - metabolic syndrome

Question 23

How does high amount of visceral adipose tissue affect the body?

Answer 23

Impaired insulin sensitivity
Susceptibility to thrombosis
More inflammation markers
Impaired endothelial function
High risk of coronary heart disease

Question 24

How can weight loss be achieved?

Answer 24

Diet
Exercise
Behavioural therapy
Drugs
Surgery

Question 25

What is ghrelin?

Answer 25

Makes you feel hungry

Question 26

What is the hormone that makes you not hungry?

Answer 26

PYY - Peptide YY

Question 27

What is a weight loss drug?

Answer 27

Orlistat

Question 28

What an example of a weight loss surgery?

Answer 28

Bariatric surgery

Question 29

What is bariatric surgery?

Answer 29

Surgery where the size of the stomach is reduced either through the use of a gastric band or surgically removing it.

Question 30

What are the three modalities of treatment?

Answer 30

Lifestyle, drugs and surgery