Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Year 1: Alimentary System > 2. Liver > Flashcards

2. Liver Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the liver located?

A

URQ, extends across to the ULQ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How many lobes is the liver divided into?

A
  1. Left, caudate, quadrate and right
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the Falciform ligament?

A

Divides the liver into two lobes and connects it to the diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the blood vessels of the liver?

A

Hepatic portal vein, Hepatic artery and Hepatic vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the couinaud classification?

A

This is where the liver is able to be divided into 8 functionally independent segments. Each segment can be resected without damaging those remaining.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is found centrally in the segment of each couinaud segment?

A

Portal vein, hepatic artery and bile duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is found peripherally in the segment of each couinaud segment?

A

Hepatic vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Number the 8 segments of the liver.

A

See diagram

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What kind of blood supply does the liver have?

A

Dual blood supply: 20% hepatic artery, 80% hepatic portal vein
Blood from the liver drains onto the IVC via the hepatic vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the purpose of the hepatic portal vein?

A

The vein which drains the intestines. Nutrients absorbed from the intestines go straight to the liver - nutrient rich

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the purpose of the hepatic artery?

A

Supplies oxygenated blood and nutrient to the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What makes up a liver lobule

A

Hexagonal structure where each corner has a branch of the hepatic portal vein, branch of the hepatic artery and branch of the bile duct. Bile leaves the liver with the flow being opposite to the branches of the hepatic portal vein and artery which drain towards the central vein.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the name for the collection of the hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery and bile duct?

A

Portal tract/triad

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe the blood flow of the hepatic portal vein and artery

A

They join together and flow towards the central vein through sinusoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What makes up 80% of the weight of the liver?

A

Hepatocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

List the cell types in the liver

A

Hepatocytes, Endothelial cells, cholangiocytes, Kupffer cells, Hepatic stellate cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where do the kupffer cells lie?

A

They lie within the sinusoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are kupffer cells?

A

They are immune cells, like macrophages (phagocytosis). Protects the liver from anything pathogenic that may be carried in the sinusoids originating from the intestinal veins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What lines the sinusoids?

A

Endothelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where do the stellate cells lie?

A

In the space between the hepatocytes and the endothelial cells

21
Q

Describe the structure of a hepatocyte

A

A large round cell with pale and rounded nuclei. Hepatocytes form cords (sheets) radiating from a central vein.

22
Q

What are acinus?

A

A functional unit which essentially connects two central veins together. This unit of hepatocytes is divided into zones dependent on proximity to arterial blood supply. Zone 1 is closest and Zone 3 is furtherest from the portal triad.

23
Q

Which zone is most susceptible to ischaemia?

A

Zone 3 because it is furthest away from the blood supply

24
Q

Which zone is most susceptible to viral hepatitis?

A

Zone 1 because it more exposed to viral infections, closer to blood supply

25
Q

What cell produces Bile?

A

Heptaocytes

26
Q

What are the sinusoidal endothelial cells?

A

Fenestrated - allows lipid and other large molecule movement to and from hepatocytes

27
Q

What are hepatic stellate cells?

A

Vitamin A storage. At times of stress the kupffer cells secrete cytokines which activate stellate cells. The stellate cells increase production in extracellular matrix leading to fibrogenesis.

28
Q

What does the liver store?

A

Any glucose taken up is stored as glycogen and break down of these stores will occur when there is a low glucose concentration.

29
Q

The liver can supply the body with glucose from glycogen stores for how long?

A

24 hours

30
Q

What is the Cori Cycle?

A

When the muscle cell undergoes anaerobic respiration pyruvate is converted to lactate. The liver will then convert this lactate back into pyruvate which can be used to produce glucose via gluconeogenesis. The glucose produced can then be fed back into glycolysis in the muscle cell.

31
Q

What type of amino acids does the liver produce?

A

non-essential amino acids

32
Q

What does the liver use amino acids for?

A

plasma proteins, clotting factors and lipoproteins

33
Q

How does the liver produce non-essential amino acids?

A

Transamination e.g Alanine + a-ketoglutarate –> Pyruvate + Glutamate

34
Q

Which three amino acids can be used to make all the non-essential amino acids?

A

a-ketoglutarate, pyruvate, oxaloacetate

35
Q

What is deamination?

A

Removal of an amino group

36
Q

Describe the process of deamination with the liver

A

The alanine is moved across into the liver and transaminated to produce glutamate. The glutamate is broken down producing urea, which is then passed to the blood. The pyruvate is converted to glucose which can enter the muscle for glycolysis.

37
Q

How much energy is required for the deamination of glutamate?

A

+4 ATP

38
Q

How much energy is required for the conversion of pyruvate to glucose?

A

+6 ATP

39
Q

Describe triglyceride metabolism

A

Triglycerides are broken down into fatty acids. The fatty acids are moved to the liver. B-oxidation converts the fatty acids into acetyl CoA which can enter the TCA cycle in the liver.
The acetyl CoA can also be taken and converted to ketone bodies; acetoacetate. This ketone body can then enter the blood the travel to other cells where i can be converted back into acetyl CoA.

40
Q

How does the liver synthesis lipoproteins?

A

Glucose can be converted to glycerol, fatty acids and cholesterol. The gylcerol and fatty acids can be used to produce Tri-acyl glycerol, which when combined with apoproteins, phospholipids and cholesterol produces lipoproteins.

41
Q

What are VLDLs?

A

Very low density lipoprotein - used to transport fatty acids to tissues

42
Q

What are HDLs?

A

Empty lipoproteins - used to pick up excess cholesterol

43
Q

What are LDLs?

A

Transports cholesterol to tissues

44
Q

What vitamins does the liver store?

A

Stores the fat soluble vitamins A, D, E, K, B12. Vitamin K store is small because it is essential for blood clotting.

45
Q

What metals are stored in the liver?

A

Iron and Copper

46
Q

How does the liver detoxify substances?

A

P450 enzymes
Phase 1 - make it more hydrophilic
Phase 2 - attach water soluble side to chain to make it less reactive

47
Q

What are cholangiocytes?

A

They line biliary structures - essentially bile duct epithelial cells

48
Q

What are VLDLs converted to?

A

LDL

49
Q

What do VLDLs have a high component of?

A

Triacylglycerol

Year 1: Alimentary System (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions