9. Mediation and Moderation Flashcards

1
Q

Mediation occurs when the r____ between a p____ and an o____ can be explained by the r____ not a t____ variable: the mediator

A

relationship
predictor, outcome
relationship, third

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2
Q

Mediation is interested in the p____ between variables

A

pathways

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3
Q

Mediation doesn’t imply causation without t____ d____ pathways. However, mediation can be used in c____ and e____ designs

A

theoretically driven
correlational, experimental

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4
Q

Mediation pathways start with the t____ e____, which is the s____ r____ between predictor and outcome and doesn’t;t adjust for any other variables

A

total effect
simple regression

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5
Q

The total effect can be broken down into:
1. The i____ effect = the effect of the p____ on the o____, through the m____
2. The d____ effect = the effect of the p____ on the o____, after a____for the m____

A
  1. Indirect, predictor, outcome, mediator
  2. Direct, predictor, outcome, adjusting, mediator
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6
Q

Total effect = i____ effect (path ab) + d____ effect (path c)

A

indirect, direct

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7
Q

In theory, we could test step 2a (predictor –> mediator) with a simple regression. However, for step 2b (mediator –> outcome) we need to use a m____ regression where we adjust for our predictor. This is because our mediator and the outcome could be r____just because they are both r____ to the predictor.

A

multiple, related, related

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8
Q

Step 3 of mediation is checking whether our predictor still predicts outcome path c (d____ effect) after accounting for the i____ effect

A

direct, indirect

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9
Q

We can interpret the bs in the same way we would with a linear model:
1. Path __ tells us the effect for the predictor on the mediator
2. Path __ tells us the effect for the mediator on the outcome a____ for the predictor
3. Path __ (d____ effect) tells us the effect for the predictor on the outcome adjusting for the mediator
4. The i____ effect tells us w____ there is a mediator
5. The t____ effect tells us the effect of the predictor on the outcome, n____ a____ for the mediator

A
  1. a
  2. b, adjusting
  3. c, direct
  4. indirect, whether
  5. total, not adjusting
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10
Q

To see if we have a significant mediation, we look at the s____, the c____ i____ and the __-value of the indirect effect. If the c____ i____ do not contain __ and if the __-value is less than __, then we can say there is a m____ e____.

A

size, confidence intervals, p-value
confidence intervals, 0, p-value, .05, mediation effect

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11
Q

We can have different types of mediation:
1. P____ mediation - when the direct effect is r____ but still s____ - there’s both an i____ and d____ effect of the predictor on the outcome
2. F____ mediation - when the direct effect is reduced to n____-s____ - the effect of the predictor on the outcome goes e____ through the mediator

A
  1. Partial, reduced, significant, indirect, direct
  2. Full, non-significant, entirely
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12
Q

A moderator is a v____ that affects the r____ between two others. We can investigate whether the effect of our predictor on our outcome is the same for a____ p____ or whether It differs under different c____ depending on the value of the moderator.

A

variable, relationship
all people, conditions

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13
Q

Differences in moderation could be the p____ of an effect, the s____/s____ of the effect, or the d____ of the effect

A

presence, size/strength. direction

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14
Q

Moderation can be used in c____ or e____ designs with c____ or c____ variables
BUT.. Remember correlation does not imply c____. This holds in moderation as well.

A

correlational, experimental, continuous, categorical, causation

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15
Q

We run a moderation in the same way as a l____ m____ but with __ predictors
We have two m____ effects (i.e., ‘lower-order effects’), and one i____ effect (i.e., ‘higher-order effects’) or in our case the moderation.

A

linear model, 3, main, interaction

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16
Q

When using a linear model with multiple predictors normally, each of the individual effects (bs) are interpreted when other variables in the model are __
But for some variables a value of __ just doesn’t make s____.
In that case the interaction term in our moderation analysis means that the bs for the main effects are usually u____.
This is where the first step in the moderation process comes in.

A

0
0, sense
uninterpretable

17
Q

Moderation process - for c____ variables only, we centre them by transforming them into d____ around a f____ point. In grand m____ entering, this ‘f____ point’ is the o____ m____ of that variable. We can then interpret our i____ effects at average levels of the other variable rather than __

A

continuous, deviations, fixed
mean, fixed, overall mean
individual, 0

18
Q

Interaction and moderation have only a few key differences:
1. Interactions are mostly used with t____ c____ p____, while moderations are used with at least o____ c____ p____
2. Conceptually, in interactions both i____ variables are p____ but in moderations one variable is the p____ d____ the effect and the other is the m____ m____ that effect.

A
  1. two categorical predictors, one continuous predictor
  2. independent, predictors, predictor driving, moderator modifying
19
Q

A model summary in moderation process tells us whether we have s____ m____ e____ of our predictor and moderator, and also if we have an i____ e____ (a moderation)

A

significant main effects
interaction effect

20
Q

The Johnson-Neyman interval shows us a ‘z____ of s____’

A

zone of significance

21
Q

The simple slopes analysis examines the r____ between predictor and outcome at l____, a____ and h____ values of the moderator (if c____)

A

relationship, low, average, high, continuous

22
Q

The Interaction Plot v____ the simple slopes analysis

A

visualises

23
Q

The differences with categorical moderators:
1. We can’t g____ m____ centre the moderator (but we should with our predictor)
2. We can’t get a J____ N____ Interval
3. Our simple slopes isn’t looking at l____, m____ and h____ values of our moderator anymore, and instead will use what g____ exist in our moderator

A
  1. grand mean
  2. Johnson Neyman
  3. low, mean, high, groups