4. Discourse analysis Flashcards
Discourse analysis is analysis of t____ and t____ as an important focus in and of itself
talk and text
DA aims to understand how t____ and t____ c____ p____ v____ of r____ and identify the s____ c____ of these c____
talk, text construct particular versions, reality, social consequences, constructions
Concerns of DA:
1. The way l____ constructs r____ and the way it manages to d____ t____
2. The way that p____ manage to d____ t____ with l____
- language, reality, do things
- people, do things, language
Social construction as an ongoing process: There is nothing f____ or i____ about what can appear to be “c____ s____” ways of r____ the world - they are s____ c____
fixed, inevitable, common sense, representing, socially constructed
Discourse means any form of t____ or t____ in any s____ i____ (s____ and w____ utterances)
talk, text, social interaction
spoken and written
The ‘golden rule’ of DA is that text and language are not a r____ of the w____ but a c____
representation, world, construction
The focus of DA is on what is being d____ (a____), not on the m____ s____ that may or may not underpin those a____
done, actions, mental states, actions
Social actions are the kinds of things that we d____ in t____ and i____
do, talk, interaction
We never ‘just’ talk. We discuss, ask, praise, make promises, complain, console, deny, etc.
DA preferably uses n____ o____ data
naturally occurring
Any form of interaction between people can be studied in DA:
1. E____ settings
2. I____ settings
3. M____ interaction
4. R____-g____ settings
- everyday
- institutional
- mediated
- researcher-generated
DA often uses the J____ transcription
Jefferson/Jeffersonian
Analysis involves a____ - a similar process to c____ in thematic analysis. R____ and r____ the data corpus. Organise the data into s____ s____ for analysis. Analysis is an i____ process - it usually takes s____ r____
annotating
coding
read, re-read
smaller sections
iterative
several rounds
When describing what is going on in the interaction, there are different sections:
1. W____ was said/written
2. H____ it was said/written
3. W____ it was said/written
- What
- How
- When
Identifying social actions is the process of i____ and e____ social actions. It involves searching for p____ (s____ and d____)
identifying, explicating
patterns, similarities, differences
A large part of the analysis relies on ‘s____’ d____ p____ already documented
spotting discursive practices
Rhetorical devices:
Ways of t____ and w____ that are r____ and r____ across different i____ contexts, and which help to perform s____ a____
Examine how the identified devices are used in the interactions to a____ p____ s____ a____
Ways of talking and writing, that are recognizable and recurrent across different interactional contexts, and which help to perform social actions.
accomplish particular social actions
Disclaimers are i____ s____ before the m____ a____ to try to m____ the speakers stance on a particular issue
inserted statements, main account, mitigate
Disclaimers make a particular i____ v____ of what they are going to say, then e____ d____ this. They d____ the c____ before it can even be made
interpretation visible, explicitly deny
deny criticism
(e.g. I’m not racist, but I just think different ethnic groups can’t get along.)
Stake inoculation is when a speaker d____ or d____ the potential claim that they have a s____, a p____ i____ or m____ in a particular argument or course of action (that they might be b____ or s____)
denies, downplays, stake, prior interest, motive, biased, subjective
Extreme case formulation is a p____ or w____ that is s____ e____. Can be used to j____ or s____ an argument, add c____ and manage one’s i____. Often using expressions including extreme terms such as a____, n____, m____, e____, c____….
phrase, word, semantically extreme, justify, strengthen, credibility, identity, all, none, most, every, completely
Category entitlement is using a category to refer to a p____ or c____-b____ a____. I____ can be made from either categories of p____ or a____ and who might or might not be expected to e____ in such a____. We accept certain categories of people (experts) are e____ to make s____ k____ c____ so we give c____ to their accounts.
person, category-bound activity
Inferences, persons, activities, engage, activities
entitled, specific knowledge claims, credence
Passive voice (object and verb but w____, i____ subject) is a way to d____ the r____ of the a____ in relation to the verb. Can allow the speaker to a____ or even s____ a____ of b____.
weak, indeterminate
downplay, responsibility, actor
avoid, shift attributions, blame
Three-part list: lists of three sound particularly c____, s____ and c____. In arguments, they serve to c____ a picture of e____ b____ u____.
complete, satisfying, convincing
construct, evidence building up
Identity claims use identity as something d____ in t____ to achieve various o____. Identity claims are seen as ‘a____’ through which people create new d____ of who they are.
done in talk, objectives
‘acts’, definitions
Criteria for assessing validity:
- Discuss your a____ with others
- The written presentation itself allows r____ to j____
- analysis
- readers to judge
Reliability:
Rhetorical devices have s____ and i____ features that you and other analysts can refer to for c____ checkable. C____ between m____ and f____ and t____ and auditable research p____.
specific, identifiable, consistency
Coherence, methods, findings, transparency, process
