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Infection and Immunity > 9 Leukocytes > Flashcards

9 Leukocytes Flashcards

1
Q

why does the proportion of leukocytes differ in cell types

A

Number depends on the health of the individual at the time

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2
Q

what do cells become

A

lymphoid or myeloid

Mononuclear or PMN/granulocytes

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3
Q

Lymphoid Mononuclear cells

A
  • Nk cells
  • CD8+T cells
  • CD4+ T cells
  • gamma delta cells
  • B cells
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4
Q

Myeloid Mononuclear cells

A
  • dendritic cells

- monocytes: macrophages or dendritic cells

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5
Q

Myeloid PMN/granulocytes cells

A
  • neutrophils
  • eosinophils
  • basophils
  • mast cells
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6
Q

where do all cells come from

A

Cells all come from hematopoietic stem cells

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7
Q

what can cells become

A

depending what their exposed to, whether they go down the lymphoid progenitor route or myeloid progenitor route

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8
Q

Macrophage

A

phagocytosis and activation of bacterial mechanisms. Antigen presentation

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9
Q

Dendritic cell

A

antigen uptake in peripheral sites (great due to long dendrites). Antigen presentation in lymph nodes

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10
Q

Neutrophil

A

phagocytosis and activation of bactericidal mechanisms

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11
Q

Eosinophil

A

(adaptive immune system needs to be on to recognise the pathogen) killing of anti-body coasted parasites – extracellular digestion

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12
Q

Mast cell

A

release of granules containing histamine and other agents

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13
Q

what do macrophage contain

A

Granules stuffed full of enzymes – activated when a pathogen is engulfed

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14
Q

Complement of other molecules - macrophage

A

proteases, cytokines

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15
Q

what neutrophils contain

A

Granules with enzymes to cut, also have specific granules

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16
Q

complement of other molecules - neutrophils

A

leukotrienes, cytokines, prostaglandins

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17
Q

macrophage killing

A

Bacteria binding to endocytic receptors of macrophages induce their engulfment a and degradation
Bacterial components binding to signalling receptors of macrophages

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18
Q

neutrophil killing

A

Neutrophil expresses receptors for many bacterial constituents
Neutrophils engulf and digest bacteria to which they bind
Recognition through antibodies – needs to be later on in process as require antibodies from adaptive

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19
Q

what do eosinophils contain

A

Contain granules stuffed with enzymes – released to damage a large pathogen

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20
Q

complement of other molecules - eosinophils

A

cytokines, enzymes, prostaglandins, leukotrienes

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21
Q

what does eosinophils do

A

Extracellular digestion

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22
Q

what do mast cells contain

A

preformed mediators

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23
Q

what is an example of a preformed mediator

A

histamine

24
Q

what happens when mast cells are activated

A

generates newly synthesised molecules

25
Q

complement of other molecules - mast cells

A

cytokines, prostaglandins, leukotrienes

26
Q

what do mast cells lead to

A

inflammation

27
Q

which cells are long lived

A

mast cells

eosinophils

28
Q

which cells are short lived

A

neutrophils - but they are constantly remade

29
Q

which cells are sessile

A

stationary - mast cells sit in tissues

30
Q

which cells are mobile

A

eosinophils

neutrophils

31
Q

when do natural killer cells not kill

A
  • Interaction with uninfected healthy cell

- Interaction with healthy allogenic cell of very similar HLA-C type

32
Q

when do natural killing cells kill

A
  • no interaction of MHC class 1 expression
  • Interaction with healthy autologous cell
  • Interaction of healthy allogenic cell of different HLA-C type
33
Q

Cytotoxicity - Cytotoxic T cells

A

Collision and nonspecific adhesion
Specific recognition redistributes cytoskeleton and cytoplasmic components of T cell
Release of lytic granules at cell contact site

34
Q

when does the cytotoxic T cell recognise

A

Cytotoxic T cell recognises complex of viral peptide with MHC class 1 and kills infected cells

35
Q

what are the cytotoxic effector molecules

A
  • perforin
  • granzymes
  • granulysin
  • Fas ligand
36
Q

Regulation - helper T cell (CD4)

A

Naïve CD4 T cell forms proliferating T cell then to immature effector T cell

37
Q

what do immature effector T cell form

A

TH1 cell

TH2 cell

38
Q

what do the TH1 cells do

A

macrophage activation, B cell activation and production of opsonising antibodies e.g. IgG1

39
Q

what do the TH2 cells do

A

general activation of B cells to make antibodies

40
Q

how do T cells function

A

by making contact with other cells and inducing them

41
Q

which T helper cell is formed when

A

Depending on naïve T cell signal depends what T helper it will become

42
Q

what does TH17 make

A

interleukin 17

43
Q

what does Treg make

A

regulate immune response

44
Q

effect of IL-17

A

inflammatory response

45
Q

what activates a T cell

A

Co-stimulatory signal and specific signal

46
Q

when does T cell becomes anergic

A

Specific signal alone

47
Q

when is there no effect the T cell

A

Co-stimulatory signal alone

48
Q

how are naive T cells activated to give effector T cells - MHC class 1

A 
naive CD8 T cell recognises peptide + MHC class 1
proliferation and differentiation of CD8 T cells
49
Q

how are naive T cells activated to give effector T cells - MHC class 2

A 
naive CD4 T cell recognises peptide + MHC class 2 
proliferation and differentiation of CD4 T cells
50
Q

effector functions of T cells - virus infected cell death

A

cytotoxic T cells travel to infected tissue where virus-infected cells present specific antigen
virus-infected cell dies by apoptosis

51
Q

effector functions of T cells - bacteria killed

A

effector TH1 cells travel to infected tissue where macrophages infected with or containing bacteria present specific antigen
activated macrophage kills bacteria

52
Q

effector functions of T cells - antitoxin antibodies

A

effector TH2 cells interact with antigen-specific B cells in lymphoid tissue
plasma cells make antitoxin antibodies

53
Q

effects of antibody production on bacterial toxins

A

neutralisation - ingestion by macrophage

54
Q

effects of antibody production on bacteria in extracellular space

A

opsonization - ingestion by macrophages

55
Q

effects of antibody production of bacteria in plasma

A

complement activation - lysis and ingestion

56
Q

Antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicty (ADCC)

A

Antibody binds antigen on surface of target cells
Fc receptors on NK cells recognise bound antibody
Cross linking of Fc receptors signals the NK cell to kill target cell
Target cell dies by apoptosis

Infection and Immunity (29 decks)

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