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Infection and Immunity > 1 Immunity > Flashcards

1 Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

immune system protects against

A

bacteria
viruses
fungi
parasites

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2
Q

bacteria examples

A

mycobacterium tuberculosis = tuberculosis

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3
Q

virus examples

A

influenza = flu

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4
Q

parasite examples

A

plasmodium falciparum = malaria

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5
Q

fungi examples

A

candida albicans = thrush

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6
Q

immune system challenges

A

diverse nature of pathogens
vast range of pathogens
rapid growth of microbes
minimise host damage

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7
Q

recognition

A

locate and identify pathogen

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8
Q

defence

A

repel or destroy pathogen

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9
Q

fundamental features of immunology

A

specificity
memory
self-discrimination

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10
Q

specificity

A

specific immune response

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11
Q

memory

A

from vaccination, subsequent infection rapid immunological response

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12
Q

self-discrimination

A

make sure will not recognise self

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13
Q

mucosal surface route of infection for pathogens

A

airway
GI tract
reproductive tract

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14
Q

airways infection

A

inhaled droplet - influenza virus causes influenza

spores e.g.Bacillus anthracis causes inhalation anthrax

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15
Q

GI tract infection

A

contaminated food/water e.g. rotavirus causes diarrhoea

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16
Q

reproductive tract infection

A

physical contact - HIV causes AIDs

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17
Q

external epithelia routes of infection for pathogens

A

external surface
wounds
insect bites

18
Q

external surface infection

A

physical contact - Trichophyton causes athletes foot

19
Q

wounds infection

A

puncture wounds - Clostridium tetani causes Tetanus

20
Q

insect bites infection

A

mosquito bites - Flavivirus causes yellow fever

21
Q

levels of defence against pathogens

A

mucosal surfaces
innate immunity
adaptive immunity

22
Q

mucosal surface defence

A

have things in them that help repel pathogen

23
Q

innate immunity defence

A

just behind the mucosal surfaces waiting to be activated if foreign objects enter

24
Q

adaptive immunity defence

A

specialised recognises particular pathogen that enters the body

25
Q

cells in innate immunity

A 
macrophages
mast cells
natural killer
neutrophil
complement proteins
granulocytes
26
Q

macrophages

A

phagocytic cell

27
Q

complement proteins

A

activated when pathogen comes into body

28
Q

Neutrophil

A

phagocytic cells in the blood, they migrate from blood into tissues where pathogen is

29
Q

Innate immunity features

A
  • Quickly activated
  • same on repeated exposure to the same microbe
  • Moderate efficiency
  • General response
30
Q

innate immunity recognition

A
  • Recognition of ‘pathogen-associated molecular patterns’ (PAMPs), e.g. bacterial lipopolysaccharide, viral double-stranded RNA

Cells of innate immune system express PRR on surface when a pathogen is present
Pathogens show PAMPS on their surface which is recognized
TLR recognise different PAMPS on bacterial surfaces
Some TLR are inside the cell many in cell recognize virus

31
Q

adaptive immunity cells

A 
B cell (antibodies-immunoglobins)
T cells (help other cells of immune system / kill other cells of immune system – cytotoxic)
Lymphocytes
32
Q

adaptive immunity features

A
  • slowly activated
  • Improves on repeated exposure to same microbe
  • High efficiency
  • Specific response tailored to individual microbes
  • Recognition of antigens specific to each type of microbe
33
Q

what does adaptive immunity lead to

A
  • Cell Mediated Immunity = T and B cells

- Humoral Immunity = antibodies

34
Q

recognition of innate immunity

A

rapid response (hours)
fixed
limited number of specificities
constant during response

35
Q

recognition of adaptive immunity

A 
slow response (days to weeks)
variable
numerous highly selective specificities 
improve during response
36
Q

what are innate immune cells recognised by

A
  • Recognition by ‘pattern recognition receptors’ (PRRs) that are widely expressed on many cell types, e.g. toll-like receptors
37
Q

what are adaptive immune cells recognised by

A
  • Recognition by antigen-specific receptors clonally expressed by lymphocytes
38
Q

what is the response to diverse pathogen nature

A

range of defence mechanisms

39
Q

what is the response to vast pathogen range

A

vast antigen receptor range

40
Q

what is the response to rapid microbial growth

A

rapid inflammatory response

41
Q

what is the response to minimise host damage

A

regulatory mechanisms

Infection and Immunity (29 decks)

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