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Infection and Immunity > 14 Virus 2 > Flashcards

14 Virus 2 Flashcards

1
Q

human-human transmission involves

A

> Acutely infected individuals

> Chronic carriers

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2
Q

human-human direct contact example

A

sexual

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3
Q

human-human environmental

A

> Faecal oral

> Aerosols

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4
Q

animal-human transmission

A
  • Direct bite
  • Insect transmission
  • Environmental
  • Zoonosis – transmission across species barrier, e.g. SIV=HIV
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5
Q

Respiratory route

A

Usually takes place following sneezing or coughing

  • Inhalation of aerosol droplets
  • Contaminated surfaces
  • Survival of virus in droplets varies between viruses and ambient temperature
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6
Q

respiratory route - contaminated surfaces

A

Major transmission of rhinoviruses is hand to eyes / mouth / nose rather than inhalation

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7
Q

what protects against airborne virus

A

Cilia and mucus provide important physical protection against airborne viruses

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8
Q

Gastrointestinal tract infections

A

Faecal - oral route
Food and water contamination
Virus must withstand GI tract conditions

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9
Q

Faecal - oral route

A

Enteroviruses (Coxsackie, Polio etc.), Small Round Structured Viruses

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10
Q

Food and water contamination

A
  • Developing countries
  • Poor personal hygiene
  • Infants and mentally ill
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11
Q

Virus must withstand GI tract conditions

A
  • Acid stable

- Non-enveloped (bile salts)

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12
Q

what is an effective infection barrier

A

skin

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13
Q

Transcutaneous Route

A

skin is overcome by direct inoculation

  • Insect or animal bite
  • IVDA, needlestick injury and transfusion
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14
Q

Insect or animal bite diseases

A

> Rabies = animal with “la rage”

> Dengue fever and all arthropod borne viruses = insect bites

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15
Q

IVDA, needlestick injury and transfusion reduced

A

> Reduced risk by careful handling and screening blood / blood products

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16
Q

Sexual Transmission

A

Genital tract or rectal mucosa

17
Q

what increases the transmission of HIV

A

concomitant STIs

18
Q

what can viral infections result in

A
  • Acute infection
  • Persistent / chronic infection
  • Latent infection
19
Q

Hepatitis B virus (RT DNA virus) contagious

A

Infectious to other individuals

20
Q

how many people have Hepatitis B virus (RT DNA virus)

A

10% become chronic carriers

21
Q

Hepatitis C virus chronic cases

A

Chronic infection apparent in 60-80% of cases

22
Q

HIV persistent infection rates

A

100%

23
Q

what does HIV result in

A

AIDS

24
Q

what shows latency

A

herpesvirus

25
Q

what causes Secondary, or reactivation

A

Caused by host/environmental factors, usually associated with suppression of immune system

26
Q

examples of viruses associated with cancer

A
  • Papillomaviruses (cervical cancer)

- Human herpesviruses

27
Q

In vivo evidence of EBV transformation

A

B cell lymphoma in immuno suppressed patients, e.g. transplant patients receiving cyclosporin. Reconstitution of immune control = clearance of EBV and frequently tumour

28
Q

Chronic hepatitis virus infections (hepatocellular carcinoma)

A

Mechanism of transformation unknown but likely to involve inhibition of apoptosis

29
Q

CPE

A

cytopathic effect

30
Q

cytopathic effect

A

As virus grows some cells undergo morphological changes
> Primary cell cultures
> Continuous (cancer) cell lines

31
Q

Diagnostic CPE

A

> syncytia or multinucleated cells
cell lysis
Inclusion bodies

32
Q

inclusion bodies

A

A virus might cause different CPE in different cell lines

33
Q

what can viral diseases be like

A

Acute infection can be symptomatic or asymptomatic

outcome can be age-dependent

34
Q

Early acute symptoms of viral disease symptoms

A
  • fever
  • aches
  • shivers
35
Q

what are the virus specific symptoms

A
  • Vesicles in HSV, VZV, Hand Foot and Mouth

- Rash in mumps, measles and rubella

36
Q

Anogenital warts

A
  • Genital warts associated with cancer

> Vulva, vagina, cervix, peri-anal skin, anal canal and penis

37
Q

Clinical features - Rash

A

Vesicles and rashes are collectively known as viral exanthems

38
Q

Clinical Features – Congenital Infection

A

TORCH Syndrome

39
Q

TORCH acronym meaning

A

(T)oxoplasmosis, (O)ther Agents, (R)ubella (also known as German Measles), (C)ytomegalovirus, and (H)erpes Simplex

Infection and Immunity (29 decks)

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