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Infection and Immunity > 12 Integration of Immune response > Flashcards

12 Integration of Immune response Flashcards

1
Q

Immune responses to Cytosolic infection

A

processed and presented on MHC1

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2
Q

Immune responses Vesicular infection

A

(deliberately taken into cell by phagocytosis) – processed and presented on MHC2

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3
Q

why are there different immune responses to different types of infection

A

So the right T cells (CD4/CD8 activated)

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4
Q

Anatomic barriers

A
  • Skin
  • Oral mucosa
  • Respiratory epithelium
  • intestine
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5
Q

Complement/antimicrobial proteins (first thing activated-lectin pathway)

A
  • C3
  • Defensins
  • Reg-3-gamma
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6
Q

Innate immune cells

A
  • Macrophages
  • Granulocytes
  • NK cells
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7
Q

Adaptive immune cells

A
  • B cells/antibodies

- T cells

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8
Q

Physical barriers

A

Skin
gut
lungs
eyes/nose/oral cavity

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9
Q

Skin - mechanical

A

longitudinal flow of air or fluid

mechanical – epithelia cells joined by tight junctions

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10
Q

skin - chemical

A

> fatty acids

> beta-defensins, Lamellar bodies, Cathelicidin

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11
Q

skin - microbiological

A

> normal microbiota

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12
Q

gut - mechanical

A

longitudinal flow of air or fluid

mechanical – epithelia cells joined by tight junctions

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13
Q

gut - chemical

A

low pH
> enzymes (pepsin)
> alpha-defensins, Reg3, Cathelicidin

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14
Q

gut - microbiological

A

> normal microbiota

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15
Q

lungs - mechanical

A

mechanical – epithelia cells joined by tight junctions

movement of mucus by cilia

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16
Q

lungs - chemical

A

> pulmonary surfactant

> alpha-defensins, cathelicidin

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17
Q

lungs - microbiological

A

> normal microbiota

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18
Q

eyes/nose/oral cavity -mechanical

A

> tears
nasal cilia
mechanical – epithelia cells joined by tight junctions

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19
Q

eyes/nose/oral cavity - chemical

A

> enzymes in tears and saliva (lysozyme)

> histatins, beta-defensins

20
Q

eyes/nose/oral cavity - microbiological

A

normal microbiota

21
Q

Innate Immunity -primary immune response stages

A
  1. epithelial barrier
  2. immediate local response (innate):
    - complement proteins
    - macrophages
22
Q

phagocytes

A
  • macrophage:
    > phagocytosis and activation of bactericidal mechanisms
    > APC
  • neutrophil:
    > phagocytosis and activation of bactericidal mechanisms
23
Q

Phagocyte recognition

A
  • toll-like receptors
  • C-type lectin receptors
  • other PRRs: NOD-like receptors scavenger receptors, Fc receptors
24
Q

Macrophage function

A

Activated macrophages produce numerous cytokines and chemokines

25
Q

TNF

A

activation of local endothelium initiation of cytokine production; upregulation of adhesion molecules

26
Q

IL-6

A

triggers production of acute phase proteins from liver, enhances antibody production from B cells; induces T-cell proliferation

27
Q

IL-8

A

triggers neutrophil chemotaxis; chemotactic for basophils and T cells; activation of neutrophils promotes angiogenesis

28
Q

IL-12

A

activates NK cells; polarization of T cells to T helper

29
Q

Early induced response

A

innate and inflammatory

  • inflammatory mediators from complement, macrophages, mast cells
  • attract leucocytes and serum proteins (more complement)
30
Q

Adaptive immune response

A

later adaptive response

  • antigen carriage by dendritic cells to lymphoid tissue
  • activation of specific T and B lymphocytes and antibody production
  • recirculation to site of infection
31
Q

Lymphocytes and Pathogens meet

A

Coordinated way for pathogens and cells to meet in the lymph node to activate the adaptive immune response

32
Q

transport of antigen to lymphoid organs

A

Dendritic cells take up bacterial antigens in the skin and then move to enter a draining lymphatic vessel
Dendritic cells bearing antigen enter draining lymph node where they settle in the T cell areas

During migrating the dendritic cell changes it function from uptake to presentation, it starts to mature

33
Q

T cell homing adhesion molecules

A

L selectin on surface
To leave blood circulation the express L selectin
Sit and wait in the lymph node

34
Q

Naïve T cell and B cell homing

A

Circulating lymphocyte enters the high endothelial enters high endothelial venule in lymph node
Binding of L-selectin to GlyCAM-1 and CD34 allows rolling interaction
LFA-1 is activated by chemokines bound to extracellular matrix
Activated LFA-1 binds tightly to ICAM-1

35
Q

what is the third signal for in T cell interaction with DCs

A

what T cell it becomes

36
Q

Paracortex function

A

activation of specific T and B cells

  • Activation of antigen-specific T cells by dendritic cells
  • Activation of antigen-specific B cells by T cells
37
Q

what is lymph node structure made of

A

paracortex

germinal centre

38
Q

Germinal centre function

A

maturation of activated B cells

  • Division
  • Somatic mutation
  • Class switching
  • Formation of plasma cells and memory cells
39
Q

what does class switching cause

A

increases defence effector functions

40
Q

what does division cause

A

increases size of response

41
Q

what does somatic mutation cause

A

increases affinity of the response

42
Q

what is somatic mutation

A

immunoglobulin variable domains involves point mutations, resulting in amino acid changes that effectively increase or decrease the affinity of interaction with the antigen epitope

43
Q

Tissue homing

A

Tissue homing of activated lymphocytes is determined by their expression of particular adhesion molecules (eg. integrins) and chemokine receptors

44
Q

Leucocyte adhesion molecules involved in

A

Adhesion molecules involved in the selective homing of T cells to different tissues

45
Q

Inducers of inflammation (amplifying events)

A
  • C3a and C5a (anaphylatoxins)
  • Mast cell products (e.g. histamine - immediate release, leukotrienes - delayed release)
  • Prostaglandins (e.g. from macrophages and mast cells)
  • Cytokines (e.g. from macrophages and T cells)
  • Chemokines

Infection and Immunity (29 decks)

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