9. introduction to haematology Flashcards
how much blood does a heart pump in one circulation?
5L
% of RBC, white cells and plasma
42-45, 1, 55-58
what does plasma contain?
water, electrolytes, glucose, lipids, metabolites, gas, hormones, drugs, plasma proteins: albumin, globulin and fibrinogen
what does albumin do?
what does globulin do?
fibrinogen
transport, colloidal osmotic pressure
transport, clotting precursors to hormones , defence
what is serum
coagulated plasma (no clotting factors)
lifespan of RBC
3 months, 120 days
which white cells are phagoctyes?
which are immunocytes?
- granulocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
- monocytes
lymphocytes
blood cell production (haemopoiesis)
fetus+ neonate: liver and spleen
neonate, child and adult: bone marrow
why is leukaemia common?
one stem cell mutation gives rise to millions of mutated daughter cells
what does EPO do
kidneys detect low O2 levels and release EPO to bone marrow to signal more RBC production
How is the production of WBC controlled?
Colony stimulating factors
stimulated by infections
•Recombinant CSFs useful to improve reduced WBC counts after anticancer drugs – caution leukaemia (they have mutated WBC)
interleukins also play a role
what is haematocrit
packed cell volume
% of blood that is RBC
haemoglobin
to identify anaemia
Mean corpuscular volume
volume of individual RBC
haematocrit/ RBC per litre
Hb/RBC
•gives mean corpuscular Hb (MCH) – reduced when cells are small/iron deficiency
Hb/PCV
•gives mean corpuscular Hb concentration (MCHC) – lowered when cells are large with impaired haem production (macrocytic anaemia)
what is -philia (and cytosis)
-penia
pancytopenia
increased count
reduced count
reduced count in everything
how are blood groups determined
discuss groups A, B, AB, O,
by antigens on RBC
- A : A antigens, has b-antibodies
- B : B antigens, has a-antibodies if exposed to a blood
- AB : AB antigens cannot produce antibodies attack themselves
- O : no A or B antigens but has a and b antibodies
clinically important blood groups
ABO and rhesus
which blood groups are most common
what is O rhesus negative used for
A and O
universal donor for all emergencies
complication: acute haemolytic transfusion reactions
Rhesus D antigens
if mother is rhesus negative, its likely to child is positive thus during birth or miscarriage, the mother will develop antibodies
the next pregnancy can be attacked by the antibodies against positive- haemolytic disease of newborn
this can be stopped by giving anti-D immunisation to mother after delivery of 1st child to bind to infant cells passed onto mother to prevent production of anti bodies
