9 - Integration of metabolism

Question 1

What can the brain and nervous tissue not use in order to gain ATP for energy?

Answer 1

fats

NOTE: brain needs a continuous supply of glucose (and ca use ketone bodies)

Question 2

What does the liver store?

Answer 2

carbohydrates (glycogen)

Question 3

How many ATP are used up in gluconeogenesis?

Answer 3

6

Question 4

Because the breakdown of proteins can produce pyruvate, proteins are used to start _____

Answer 4

gluconeogenesis

Question 5

What process does not occur during fat metabolism?

Why?

Answer 5

gluconeogenesis

because fatty acids and glycerol enter glycolysis and the TCA cycle in the form of acetyl CoA
there is no generation of pyruvate
no conversion of pyruvate to oxaloacetate
less accumulation of oxaloacetate

Question 6

In aerobic respiration, what increases to ensure the demand for glucose is met?

Answer 6

increase in the number of glucose transporters in the muscle cells plasma membrane

Question 7

What 3 effects does the release of adrenaline have (in order to produce more ATP)?

Answer 7

• increase in muscle glycolysis
• increase gluconeogenesis
• increase the release of fatty acids

Question 8

What changes occur in metabolic processes during anaerobic respiration?

Answer 8

• glycogenolysis (muscles break down glycogen stores)
• increase in conversion of pyruvate to lactate (doe to accumulation of pyruvate)
• this lactate travels to the liver, where it feeds into the gluconeogenic pathway via conversion to pyruvate

Question 9

LO:

recall 4 examples of blood-borne hormones which acts as metabolic regulators, and explain their modes of action

Answer 9

INSULIN
- stimulates uptake and use of glucose and storage of glycogen and fat (glycogenesis)
GLUCAGON
- stimulates gluconeogenesis and the breakdown of glycogen and fat (glycogenolysis)
ADRENALINE
- strong and fast metabolic effects to mobile glucose for ‘fight or flight’ response
GLUCOCORTICOIDS (steroid hormones)
- increase synthesis of metabolic enzymes concerned with glucose availability

Question 10

What are the possible complications or diabetes and its treatment?

Answer 10

• hyperglycaemia
• increase in plasma fatty acids and lipoproteins - possible CVS complications
• increase in ketone bodies (possible acidosis)
• hypoglycaemia - possible coma if insulin dosage is not correctly controlled

Question 11

What molecules can be used in gluconeogenesis?

Answer 11

lactate
amino acids
glycerol

Question 12

What happens to FFA from TAG breakdown?

Answer 12

undergoes beat oxidation and produces ketone bodies?