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PPL > (9) Human Performance > Flashcards

(9) Human Performance Flashcards

1
Q

study of performance and limitations of body in a flight environment

A

Aviation Physiology

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2
Q

can adapt up to 12000 ft

A

human physiology

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3
Q

main senses of the body

A

visual, vestibular, kinesthetics

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4
Q

colored portion of the eye

A

iris

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5
Q

adjustable opening of the eye

A

pupil

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6
Q

light receptors

A

rods and cones

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7
Q

sends all information gathered to the brain

A

optic nerve

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8
Q

photosensitive layer composed of rods and cones

A

retina

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9
Q

small, notched area behind the lens

A

fovea

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10
Q

rods and cones - location

A

rods - outside fovea
cones - center of retina

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11
Q

rods and cones - color perception

A

rods - black and white
cones - red, blue, green

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12
Q

rods and cones - period of activity

A

rods - nighttime / dark
cones - daylight

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13
Q

allows rods to detect images at night

A

rhodopsin / visual purple

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14
Q

enhances dark adaptation

A

red cockpit lighting

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15
Q

enhances night reading

A

dim white

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16
Q

caused by staring at a single point against the dark for too long

A

autokinesis

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17
Q

eyes see things larger than normal

A

night myopia

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18
Q

occur when natural horizon is obscured

A

false horizon

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19
Q

caused by runway width, sloping runway, terrain

A

runway illusion

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20
Q

A/C is higher than usual

A

runway narrower than usual

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21
Q

A/C is lower than usual

A

runway is bigger than usual

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22
Q

A/C is higher than actual

A

upsloping runway

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23
Q

A/C is lower than actual

A

downsloping runway

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24
Q

motion and gravity detecting sense organ

A

inner ear

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25
Q

sense changes in angular acceleration; situated in 3 perpendicular planes

A

semi-circular canals

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26
Q

gelatinous structure in the ampulla of canal

A

cupolla

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27
Q

sensation of position, movement, tension perceived

A

kinesthesia

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28
Q

reduced oxygen; lack of oxygen to the brain can cause reduction in mental function

A

hypoxia

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29
Q

symptoms of hypoxia

A

cyanosis
headache
impaired judgement
decreased response to stimuli
euphoria
visual impairment
light headed
tingling feeling in the fingers
dizziness
numbness

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30
Q

insufficient oxygen; occurs during rapid decompression at high altitudes, slow decompression at low altitudes

A

hypoxic hypoxia

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31
Q

when blood does not take up and transport sufficient oxygen

A

hypemic hypoxia

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32
Q

when oxygen-rich blood in the lungs does not move

A

stagnant hypoxia

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33
Q

inability of cells to effectively use oxygen

A

histotoxic hypoxia

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34
Q

prevention of hypoxia

A

Carry oxygen in aircraft
Use oxygen when flying above ceiling altitude
Do not fly above ceiling altitude
Use oxygen for night flights above 5000ft
Breathe normally the oxygen

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35
Q

max. time you have to make rational, life-saving decision

A

time of useful consciousness

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36
Q

occurs when too much CO2 has been eliminated from the body; occurs during emotional stress

A

hyperventilation

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37
Q

symptoms of hyperventilation

A

visual impairment
light headedness
unconscious
tingling sensation
hot and cold sensation
muscle spasm

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38
Q

corrective action for hyperventilation

A

breath normally
slower breathing rate
breath into a paper bag
talk aloud

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39
Q

caused when the brain receives conflicting messages

A

motion sickness

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40
Q

symptoms of motion sickness

A

dizziness
nausea
sweating
paleness
general discomfort

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41
Q

corrective action for motion sickness

A

avoid warm, turbulent air
use ear plugs
open cool air vents

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42
Q

inability to equalize pressure between the middle ear/sinuses and the outside environment

A

middle ear discomfort / pain

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43
Q

causes of middle ear discomfort or pain

A

upper respiratory infection
nasal allergy
enough congestion to block the Eustacian tube

44
Q

corrective action for middle ear discomfort or pain

A

yawning, swallowing, tensing throat muscle
closing moth, covering nose, blowing through nostrils (valsalva maneuver)

45
Q

lack of orientation regarding our position, orientation, and movement

A

spatial disorientation

46
Q

organs in the inner ear that sense the way we are balanced

A

vestibular system

47
Q

nerves in skin, muscles, joints that sense position based on gravity

A

somatosensory system

48
Q

eyes which sense position based on sight

A

visual system

49
Q

feeling that the you/world is spinning

A

vertigo

50
Q

caused by light flickering 4-20 flashes per minute; occurs when you are looking at slow moving propeller

A

flicker vertigo

51
Q

when a person takes in carbon monoxide

A

carbon monoxide poisoning

52
Q

odorless, colorless, tasteless gas contained in exhaust fumes

A

carbon monoxide

53
Q

cause of carbon monoxide poisoning:

A

use of heated air that passed through exhaust fumes

54
Q

corrective action for carbon monoxide poisoning

A

turn off heated air
open all window
discontinue flight

55
Q

group of effects produced by exposure to altitudes not due to expansion of trapped and enclosed gases

A

decompression sickness

56
Q

corrective action for DCS

A

put on oxygen mask immediately
begin descent / land immediately
do not try to work out pain by moving joints
seek medical help

57
Q

demand placed on the pilot’s mental resources; ratio of amount of resources required by the task to the amount of available resources.

A

workload

58
Q

physiological state of reduced mental/physical capability;

A

fatigue

59
Q

associated with pilot errors; degradation of attention and concentration

A

fatigue

60
Q

short lived; tiredness after a period of strenuous effort

A

acute fatigue

61
Q

has psychological roots; weakness, tiredness, palpitations, irritability

A

chronic fatigue

62
Q

timing disruption; disruption to perceptual field

A

skill fatigue

63
Q

body’s response to physical and psychological demands

A

stress

64
Q

elements that cause you to experience stress

A

stressors

65
Q

condition associated with the environment such as temperature, humidity extremes

A

physical stress

66
Q

your physical condition such as fatigue, lack of physical fitness

A

physiological stress

67
Q

social / emotional factors

A

psychological stress

68
Q

physiological changes in your body as a result of rapid increase in speed

A

acceleration stress

69
Q

types of acceleration stress:

A

positive, negative, and transverse acceleration

70
Q

acceleration in direction along your long axis (head to foot); feeling of being pulled downwards

A

positive acceleration

71
Q

acceleration from your foot to head; feeling of being pulled upwards

A

negative acceleration

72
Q

acceleration sideways of long axis of the body; feeling of being swiped to the side

A

transverse acceleration

73
Q

a certain amount of stress is good because it keeps the body alert

A

stress management

74
Q

critical loss of water from the body

A

dehydration

75
Q

causes of dehydration

A

hot flight deck, wind, humidity, etc

76
Q

symptoms of dehydration

A

headache, fatigue, cramps, sleepiness

77
Q

inability of the body to control its temperature

A

heatstroke

78
Q

prevention of heatstroke

A
  • carrying container to measure intake
  • reduced intake of caffein and alcohol
  • use of sports drink
79
Q

does not require digestion and produces depressing effect on the nervous system

A

alcohol

80
Q

amount of alcohol in your blood stream

A

intoxication

81
Q

the rate at which alcohol is consumed depends on:

A
  • percentage of alcohol in the drink
  • rate at which alcohol has been consumed
  • amount of food and drinks consumed
  • length of time you have been drinking
82
Q

inability of the pilot to carry out normal duties

A

incapacitation

83
Q

incapacitation may occur as a result of:

A

death, hypoxia, smoke, heat stroke, food poisoning

84
Q

ability of the pilot to process type and amount of information within the required time frame; affected by health, age, stress, diff. environment

A

information processing

85
Q

process that aviators perform to handle troublesome situations; performed at every stage of flight

A

Pilot Decision Making (PDM)

86
Q

detrimental to decision making tasks

A

fatigue

87
Q

when decision making is applied to flight operation

A

Aeronautical Decision Making

88
Q

Factors of ADM

A

PIC Responsibility
Communication
Resource Use
Workload Management
Situational Awareness

89
Q

PIC is the ultimate decision maker; Most important PIC responsibility is to know your limits

A

PIC responsibility

90
Q

Steps for good decision making

A

Identify personal attitudes
Learning behavior modification techniques
Learning to recognize and cope with stress
Developing risk assessment skills
Use of resources
Evaluating effectiveness of ADM skills

91
Q

5 hazardous attitudes

A

Anti-authority
Impulsivity
Invulnerability
Macho Attitude
Resignation

92
Q

Dont tell me what to do;
Attitude of people who do not like to be told what to do

A

Anti-authority

93
Q

Antidote of anti-authority

A

Follow rules, they are usually right

94
Q

Do it quickly;
Attitude of people who frequently need to do something

A

Impulsivity

95
Q

Antidote of impulsivity

A

Not so fast, think first.

96
Q

It wont happen to me;
Attitude of people who feel/believe that they wont be personally involved

A

Invulnerability

97
Q

Antidote of invulnerability

A

“It could happen to me”

98
Q

I can do it;
Pilots who are trying to prove that they are better than any one else

A

Macho (Attitude)

99
Q

Antidote of Macho (Attitude)

A

Taking chances is foolish

100
Q

What’s the use;
People believing that they are not capable of being able to make a great deal of change

A

Resignation

101
Q

Antidote of Resignation

A

“Im not helpless”

102
Q

Exchange of ideas, information, instruction;
Ideas need to be conveyed in a clear and timely manner

A

Communication

103
Q

Resources are sometimes found on unusual places;
It is important to recognize and utilize resources available to you

A

Resource use

104
Q

Ensures essential operations are accomplished by planning, prioritizing, and organizing tasks

A

Workload Management

105
Q

Accurate perception of operational and environmental factors

A

Situational Awareness

106
Q

Due to sophistication and accuracy of current technology, humans have been relying on it excessively

A

Automation Bias

PPL (15 decks)

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