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GASTRO > 9: Gut Microbiota and Infections > Flashcards

9: Gut Microbiota and Infections Flashcards

1
Q

What are some toxins the GI tract and the liver can be exposed to? (6 things)

A
  1. Chemical
  2. Bacteria
  3. Viruses
  4. Protozoa
  5. Nematodes (round worms)
  6. Cestodes (tape worms)
  7. Trematodes (flukes)
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2
Q

What are the types of defence mechanism in the GI tract? (2 things)

A
  1. Innate (Physical / Cellular)
  2. Adaptive
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3
Q

What are the Innate Physical defence mechanisms of the GI tract? (8 things)

A
  1. Sight / smell
  2. Memory
  3. Saliva pH 7
  4. Stomach Acid
  5. Small Intestine Secretions
  6. Colonic Mucus
  7. Anaerobic Environment
  8. Peristalsis / Segmentation
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4
Q

How does the Sight / Smell defence mechanism work?

A

If the food looks / smells bad we don’t eat it

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5
Q

How does the Memory defence mechanism work?

A

If we remember food tasted bad we don’t eat it again

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6
Q

What does saliva contain that acts as a defence mechanism?

A
  1. Polymorphs
  2. igA
  3. Complement
  4. Lactoperoxidase
  5. Lysozyme

PICLL

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7
Q

How does the Saliva pH 7 defence mechanism work?

A

Washes toxins down to stomach

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8
Q

What are the Small Intestine secretions?

A
  1. Bile
  2. Proteolytic enzymes
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9
Q

How does the Colonic mucus defence mechanism work?

A

Protects colonic epithelium

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10
Q

How does the Peristalsis / Segmentation defence mechanism work?

A

Prevents infections

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11
Q

What are the Innate Cellular defence mechanisms of the GI tract?

A
  1. MAC (Kupffer cells in liver)
  2. Tissue Mast Cells
  3. Eosinophils (for parasitic infections)
  4. Neutrophils
  5. Natural Killer Cells

MTENN (M10 lemme spray mans gone)

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12
Q

What are the Adaptive defence mechanisms of the GI tract?

A
  1. B-lymphocyes
  2. T-lymphocytes
  3. Lymphatic tissues
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13
Q

How does the B-lymphocytes defence mechanism work?

A

They produce iGs

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14
Q

What are T-lymphocytes directed to?

A

Intracellular organisms

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15
Q

How does the lymphatic tissue defence mechanism work?

A

We have GALT (Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue) found in:

  • Tonsils
  • Peyers patches of small intestine
  • Appendix
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16
Q

What causes Xerostomia (reduced saliva flow)? (2 things)

A
  1. Illness
  2. Dehydration
17
Q

What is the result of Xerostomia (reduced saliva flow)?

A

Microbial overgrowth → Parotitis (salivary gland infection)

18
Q

What is Achlorhydria?

A

Reduced / Absent HCl in gastric acid

19
Q

What does Alchlorhydria make you more susceptible to? (3 things)

A
  1. Shigellosis
  2. Cholera
  3. Salmonella infections
20
Q

What do Mast Cell granules contain?

A

Histamine

21
Q

How do gut infections cause increased fluid loss?

A
  1. Gut infections recruit mast cells → release histamine
  2. Histamine causes vasodilation + increased capillary permeability → increased fuid loss
22
Q

What happens as a result of defective GALT? (2 things)

A
  1. Tonsillitis
  2. Appendicitis
23
Q

What can cause Gut Ischaemia? (3 things)

A
  1. Arterial disease
  2. Systemic hypotension
  3. Intestinal Venous Thrombosis
24
Q

What can Gut Ischaemia cause?

A

Sepsis → death

25
Q

What does liver failure make you more susceptible to? (4 things)

A
  1. Infections
  2. Toxins
  3. Drugs
  4. Hormones
26
Q

What can liver failure cause?

A

Hepatic encephalopathy (reduced brain function)

No urea cycle → increased blood ammonia → hepatic encephalopathy

27
Q

What causes liver failure? (5 things)

A
  1. Viral hepatitis
  2. Alcohol
  3. Drugs (Paracetamol)
  4. Industrial Solvents
  5. Mushroom poisoning

VADIM (like gadeeeem)

28
Q

What can Cirrhosis cause?

A
  1. Caput medusa (swollen epigastric veins)
  2. Oesophagul varices (enlarged veins in tube)
  3. Haemorrhoids (swollen veins)

COH

29
Q

How does cirrhosis cause what it causes?

A

Portal venous hypertension → Porosystemic shunting →toxic shunting → (COH)

GASTRO (10 decks)

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