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GASTRO > 2: Function of GI System > Flashcards

2: Function of GI System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the overall process of the GI tract?

A

Digestion makes food into a:

  • Sterile
  • Neutral
  • Isotinic

solution of:

  • Small sugars
  • Amino Acids
  • Small Peptides
  • Small Lipid Particles

so it’s ready for absorbtion and excretion

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2
Q

What are the functions of the mouth and oesophagus? (3 things)

A
  1. Mastication
  2. Saliva
  3. Swallowing (Bolus formation)
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3
Q

What is the function of saliva?

A
  1. Protects mouth
  • Bacteriostatic
  • Alkaline
  • High Calcium
  1. Lubricates food for mastication and swallowing
  2. Starts digestion (of sugars)
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4
Q

What are the functions of the stomach? (3 things)

A
  1. Storage (relaxes to accommodate food)
  2. Initial disruption
  3. Delivers chyme into duodenum
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5
Q

What occurs in the initial disruption in the stomach? (2 things)

A
  1. Contracts rhythmically → mixes and distrupts
  2. Secretes acid + proteolytic enzymes → breaks down tissues and disinfects
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6
Q

What is the function of the duodenum?

A

Dilution and neutralisation of chyme

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7
Q

How does the duodenum carry out its function of dilution and neutralisation? (3 things)

A
  1. Water drawn in from ECF
  2. Alkali (bile) added from liver and pancreas
  3. Enzymes added from pancreas and intestined
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8
Q

What are the functions of the small intestine? (2 things)

A
  1. Absorbs nutrients and electrolytes
  2. Absorbs majority of water
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9
Q

What allows the small intestine to absorb nutrients and electrolytes? (2 things)

A
  1. Fluid passes very slowly
  2. Large surface area
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10
Q

What does the absorbed stuff from the small intestine pass into?

A

Hepatic Portal Circulation

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11
Q

What are the functions of the large intestines?

A
  1. Final absorption of water
  2. Formation of faeces (which accumulate in descending sigmoid colon)
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12
Q

What is the speed of transit in the large intestines?

A

Very slow

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13
Q

How do you poo? (3 steps)

A
  1. Faeces propelled periodically into rectum
  2. Urge to defecate
  3. Controlled relaxation of sphincter and expulsion of faeces
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14
Q

What are the 4 layers of the alimentary canal? (From the oral cavity down to anus)

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscularis Externa
  4. Serosa / Adventitita

Inwards to outwards

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15
Q

What is the mucosa of the alimentary canal?

A

Epithelial lining and thin layer of SMC

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16
Q

What is the submucosa of the alimentary canal?

A

Fibroelastic tissue with:

  • Vessels
  • Nerves
  • Leucocytes
  • Fat cells
17
Q

What is the muscularis externa of the alimentary canal?

A

2 layers of SMC:

  • Inner circular layer
  • Outer longitudinal layer

Myenteric plexus between layers

18
Q

What is between the inner and outer layers of the muscularis externa of the alimentary canal?

A

Myenteric plexus

19
Q

What is the serosa / adventitia of the alimentary canal?

A

Thin outer covering of connective tissue

20
Q

How is chyme formed?

A

Food + saliva + gastric secretions

21
Q

What are the propertie of chyme? (2 things)

A
  1. Hypertonic
  2. Acidic
22
Q

What happens when chyme enters the duodenum?

A

Around 9L of water (and alkali) drawn into the duodenum from ECF via osmosis

23
Q

What is the Enteric Nervous System a subdivision of?

A

Autonomic Nervous System

24
Q

What is the nervous system of the GI system?

A

Enteric Nervous System

25
Q

What is the Enteric Nervous System made up of?

A

2 nerve plexuses in the wall of the gut

26
Q

What is special about the Enteric Nervous System?

A

It can act independantly of the CNS

They call it the 2nd brain

27
Q

What is the most significant control over Enteric Nervous System?

A

Parasympathetic NS

28
Q

What are the different classification types of hormones in the GI system? (2 things)

A
  1. Endocrine / Paracrine
  2. Gastrin / Secretin

GASTRO (10 decks)

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