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GASTRO > 10: Malignancy of GI Tract > Flashcards

10: Malignancy of GI Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What are the clinical presentations of Oesophageal Cancer? (2 things)

A
  1. Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)
  2. Weight loss
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2
Q

What is the types of Oesophageal cancer? (2 things)

A
  1. Squamous cell carcinoma
  2. Adenocarcinoma (associated with Barretts oesophagus)
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3
Q

How is oesophageal cancer investigated? (3 things)

A
  1. Endoscopy
  2. Biopsy
  3. Barium
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4
Q

What are the types of Stomach malignancies? (2 types)

A
  1. Gastric cancer
  2. Gastric lymphoma
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5
Q

What are the clinical presentations of gastric cancer? (3 things)

A
  1. Epigastric pain
  2. Vomiting
  3. Weigh loss
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6
Q

What are the MACROSCOPIC features of Gastric Cancer? (2 things)

A
  1. Ulcerating
  2. Infiltrating
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7
Q

What are the MICROSCOPIC features of Gastric Cancer?

A

Gland formation in intestines

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8
Q

How is Gastric Cancer investigated? (3 things)

A
  1. Endoscopy
  2. Biopsy
  3. Barium
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9
Q

What is the difference in spread between Early and Advanced Gastric Cancer?

A

Early: Confined to SUBMUCOSA

Advanced: Further spread

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10
Q

What is the difference in prognosis between Early and Advanced Gastric Cancer?

A

Early: Good prognosis

Advanced: 10% 5 year survival

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11
Q

How is Gastric Cancer spread? (4 things)

A
  1. Direct
    * Through gastric wall → dueodenum / transverse colon / pancreas
  2. Lymph nodes
  3. Liver
  4. Trans-coelomic →peritoneum / ovaries
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12
Q

What does Gastric Lymphoma start as?

A

Low grade lesion

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13
Q

What causes a regression of Gastric Lymphoma tumours?

A

Eradication of Helicobacter Pylori

(Gastric Lymphoma associated with H Pylori)

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14
Q

Does Gastric Cancer or Gastric Lymphoma have better prognosis?

A

Gastric Lymphoma

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15
Q

What are some neoplasms of the large intestine? (2 things)

A
  1. Large Intestine Adenomas
  • Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP)
    • Gardners Syndrome
  1. Large Intestine Adenocarcinomas
    * Colorectal Adenocarcinoma
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16
Q

What are Large Intestine Adenomas?

A

Pre-cancerous neoplasms of large intestine

17
Q

What are the features of Large Intestine Adenomas? (2 things)

A

Macroscopic

Sessile (immobile)

Microscopic

Dysplasia

18
Q

What is Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP)? (3 points)

A
  1. Large Intestine Adenoma
  2. Autosomal dominant inheritance (FAP gene is on chromosome 5)
  3. By age of 20, there are 1000’s of adenomas in the large intestine → increases risk of cancer
19
Q

What is Gardner’s Syndrome? (2 points)

A
  1. A type of Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP)
  2. Tumours of bone + soft tissue
20
Q

What is an example of a Large Intestine Adenocarcinoma?

A

Colorectal Adenocarcinoma

21
Q

What are the Macroscopic and Microscopic features of Colonic Adenocarcinoma?

A

Macroscopic

Fungating (becoming like fungus appearance)

Microscopic

Mucinous (covering in mucus)

22
Q

How is Colonic Adenocarcinoma spread? (3 things)

A
  1. Direct
    * Through bowel wall → adjacent organs (e.g bladder)
  2. Via Lymphatics → Mesenteric Lymph Nodes
  3. Via Portal Venous System → Liver
23
Q

What are the features of Pancreatic Carcinomas?

A
  1. Firm pale mass with necrotic centre
  2. Can infiltrate adjacent structures (e.g sleen)
24
Q

What are the features of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma?

A

Can form well differentiated glands

25
Q

What are the features of Acinar Cell Carcinomas of the pancreas?

A

Have zymogen granules (inactive precursor of enzymes)

26
Q

What is the prognosis of all types of pancreatic carcinomas?

A

Poor

27
Q

What is the Ampulla of Vater?

A

Point where Pancreas and bile ducts release their secretions

28
Q

What does Carcinoma of Ampulla of Vater cause?

A

Bile duct blocked by small tumour → jaundice

29
Q

What are 2 Islet Cell Tumours?

A
  1. Insulinoma (→ hypoglycaemia)
  2. Glucagonoma (→ skin rash)
30
Q

What are 3 benign tumours of the Liver?

A
  1. Hepatic adenoma
  2. Bile duct adenoma
  3. Haemangioma
31
Q

What are 3 malignant tumours of the Liver?

A
  1. Hepatocellular carcinoma
  2. Cholangiocarcinoma
  3. Hepatoblastoma
32
Q

What are the malignancies of the GI tract in order of common → rare?

A

COMMON

  1. Colorectal cancers
  2. Stomach cancers
  3. Pancreas cancers
  4. Oesophageal cancers

RARE

GASTRO (10 decks)

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