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Gastrointestinal Week 4 2016/17 > 9: Gastroenteritis and food poisoning > Flashcards

9: Gastroenteritis and food poisoning Flashcards

1
Q

What is diarrhoea?

A

Unformed stools

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2
Q

What is unformed stool?

A

Stool which holds the shape of the container it is in (liquid)

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3
Q

What can be found in unformed stool (re: diarrhoea) which is a red flag?

A

Blood

Mucous

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4
Q

Which class of drug can cause diarrhoea?

A

Laxatives

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5
Q

What is food poisoning?

A

Illness caused by eating food contaminated with

microorganisms

toxins

poisons

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6
Q

Which GI symptoms are associated with food poisoning?

A

Nausea & Vomiting

Abdominal pain

Diarrhoea (vanilla, watery or bloody)

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7
Q

Which types of microorganism can cause food poisoning?

A

Bacteria

Viruses

Parasites

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8
Q

Food poisoning - related microorganisms invade the tissue of the GI tract. What else can they do to produce disease?

A

Produce toxins

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9
Q

What microorganisms have a short incubation period of 1-6 hours?

A

Staph. aureus

Bacillus cereus

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10
Q

Microorganisms involved in short onset food poisoning (1-6 hours) don’t have time to multiply profusely. Why do they cause disease?

A

Pre-formed toxins in the food already

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11
Q

What food is Bacillus cereus associated with?

A

Starchy food which is poorly reheated

e.g rice

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12
Q

Food poisoning presenting rapidly (1-6 hours) are caused by which bacteria?

A

Staph aureus

Bacillus cereus

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13
Q

Which poisoning is caused by pre-formed toxins found in poorly stored fish, e.g tinned tuna?

What sort of reaction do you get?

Why?

A

Scombroid poisoning

Allergic reaction (rash, headache, shock)

Produces toxin which causes histamine response

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14
Q

Toxins cause an outpouring of ___ into the bowel lumen, causing diarrhoea.

A

fluid

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15
Q

Which microorganisms have a medium incubation period (12-48 hours)?

A

Salmonella

C. perfringens

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16
Q

Which bacteria have a long incubation period?

A

Campylobacter spp.

E. coli 0157

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17
Q

What are the commonest causes of GI infection?

A

Campylobacter

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18
Q

Which bacteria causes outbreaks of food poisoning?

A

Salmonella

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19
Q

Which bacteria causes outbreaks of food poisoning with morbidity?

A

E. coli

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20
Q

GI tract infections are common in ___ patients.

A

immunosuppressed

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21
Q

What do bacteria need to multiply?

A

Time

Temperature

Food source

Moisture

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22
Q

Why can Bacillus cereus survive in adverse conditions?

A

Spores

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23
Q

What is the most common bacteria involved in food poisoning?

A

Campylobacter spp.

24
Q

What is gastroenteritis?

A

Infectious inflammation of GI tract

25
What needs to be included in a stool sample for it to be tested for the right bacteria?
**Full history** **Bristol stool rank**
26
All stool samples are tested for which bacteria?
**C. difficile**
27
\_\_\_ media allow specific pathogens to be grown on an agar plate.
**Selective**
28
How long does it take for **Campylobacter** to incubate?
**16-48 hours**
29
Which foods are likely to cause Campylobacter infection?
**Raw poultry** **Raw cheese, milk products**
30
Antibiotics aren't commonly prescribed to those with Campylobacter infection. Why? Which antibiotic would be given to select patients?
**Self limiting**, only given to severely immunosuppressed **Macrolides** so clarithromycin
31
Which Campylobacter species is the one most commonly found in gastroenteritis?
**C. jejuni**
32
Which infection commonly occurs in outbreaks and can lead to **bacteriaemia**?
**Salmonella**
33
Which foods can lead to **S****almonella** infection?
**Poultry** **Meat** **Raw egg**
34
Which symptom is characteristic of infectious gastroenteritis?
**Fever**
35
Which species of Salmonella causes gastroenteritis?
**S. enteritidis**
36
Salmonella associated with gastroenteritis is (**typhoidal / non-typhoidal**).
**non-typhoidal**
37
Which antigen is found on the **LPS** of Salmonella?
**O antigen**
38
Different types of Salmonella are classified on the type of ___ found on their cell membranes.
**antigen** O antigen specifically
39
**E. coli** also have ___ antigens.
**O**
40
Which specific type of E. coli is commonly associated with gastroenteritis?
**O157 E. coli**
41
**E. coli** release **cytotoxins**. What are these?
**Toxic / destructive effect on cells**
42
What is the result of cytotoxins released by **E. coli** and **Shigella**?
**Bloody diarrhoea**
43
Why are cytotoxins also called **Shiga-like** toxins?
**E. coli** and **Shigella** produce similar toxins
44
Why does **E. coli / Shigella** infection have poor outcomes in older, younger and pregnant people?
**Causes bleeding** Complication is **haemolytic ureamic syndrome** which is also very bad
45
Why aren't antibiotics given to people with gastroenteritis?
Antibiotics aren't effective against *E. coli* 0157 and allow them to proliferate (reduced competition) So increased production of Shiga-like toxin So increased damage and risk of complications (HUS) So poorer patient outcome
46
What is the main symptom of **O157 E. coli** infection?
**Bloody diarrhoea**
47
How much E. coli needs to invade you to cause infection?
**Very little**
48
Which is E. coli associated with mortality?
**Enterohaemorrhagic disease** i.e bleeding in the colon, rectum
49
Which other system is damaged by E. coli infection? Why?
**Renal system** **Cytotoxin** binds to and kills these cells as well
50
What is HUS?
**Haemolytic ureamic syndrome** a renal complication of *E. coli* 0157 gastroenteritis.
51
How does **HUS** present?
Yet more **bloody diarrhoea** ## Footnote **Abdominal pain** **Fever** **Pallor** **Petechiae** **Oliguria**
52
Who needs to be notified about HUS / E. coli infection?
**Health Protection Unit**
53
Is all diarrhoea caused by infection?
**Nah**
54
What are two **viruses** which cause gastroenteritis?
**Rotavirus** **Norovirus**
55
Which virus, causing gastroenteritis, is common in children?
**Rotavirus**
56
Which virus is also known as the **"winter vomiting bug"** and causes **explosive diarrhoea** and **vomiting**?
**Norovirus**

Gastrointestinal Week 4 2016/17 (10 decks)

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