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Gastrointestinal Week 4 2016/17 > 9: Gastroenteritis and food poisoning > Flashcards

9: Gastroenteritis and food poisoning Flashcards

1
Q

What is diarrhoea?

A

Unformed stools

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2
Q

What is unformed stool?

A

Stool which holds the shape of the container it is in (liquid)

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3
Q

What can be found in unformed stool (re: diarrhoea) which is a red flag?

A

Blood

Mucous

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4
Q

Which class of drug can cause diarrhoea?

A

Laxatives

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5
Q

What is food poisoning?

A

Illness caused by eating food contaminated with

microorganisms

toxins

poisons

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6
Q

Which GI symptoms are associated with food poisoning?

A

Nausea & Vomiting

Abdominal pain

Diarrhoea (vanilla, watery or bloody)

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7
Q

Which types of microorganism can cause food poisoning?

A

Bacteria

Viruses

Parasites

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8
Q

Food poisoning - related microorganisms invade the tissue of the GI tract. What else can they do to produce disease?

A

Produce toxins

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9
Q

What microorganisms have a short incubation period of 1-6 hours?

A

Staph. aureus

Bacillus cereus

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10
Q

Microorganisms involved in short onset food poisoning (1-6 hours) don’t have time to multiply profusely. Why do they cause disease?

A

Pre-formed toxins in the food already

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11
Q

What food is Bacillus cereus associated with?

A

Starchy food which is poorly reheated

e.g rice

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12
Q

Food poisoning presenting rapidly (1-6 hours) are caused by which bacteria?

A

Staph aureus

Bacillus cereus

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13
Q

Which poisoning is caused by pre-formed toxins found in poorly stored fish, e.g tinned tuna?

What sort of reaction do you get?

Why?

A

Scombroid poisoning

Allergic reaction (rash, headache, shock)

Produces toxin which causes histamine response

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14
Q

Toxins cause an outpouring of ___ into the bowel lumen, causing diarrhoea.

A

fluid

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15
Q

Which microorganisms have a medium incubation period (12-48 hours)?

A

Salmonella

C. perfringens

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16
Q

Which bacteria have a long incubation period?

A

Campylobacter spp.

E. coli 0157

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17
Q

What are the commonest causes of GI infection?

A

Campylobacter

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18
Q

Which bacteria causes outbreaks of food poisoning?

A

Salmonella

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19
Q

Which bacteria causes outbreaks of food poisoning with morbidity?

A

E. coli

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20
Q

GI tract infections are common in ___ patients.

A

immunosuppressed

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21
Q

What do bacteria need to multiply?

A

Time

Temperature

Food source

Moisture

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22
Q

Why can Bacillus cereus survive in adverse conditions?

A

Spores

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23
Q

What is the most common bacteria involved in food poisoning?

A

Campylobacter spp.

24
Q

What is gastroenteritis?

A

Infectious inflammation of GI tract

25
Q

What needs to be included in a stool sample for it to be tested for the right bacteria?

A

Full history

Bristol stool rank

26
Q

All stool samples are tested for which bacteria?

A

C. difficile

27
Q

___ media allow specific pathogens to be grown on an agar plate.

A

Selective

28
Q

How long does it take for Campylobacter to incubate?

A

16-48 hours

29
Q

Which foods are likely to cause Campylobacter infection?

A

Raw poultry

Raw cheese, milk products

30
Q

Antibiotics aren’t commonly prescribed to those with Campylobacter infection. Why?

Which antibiotic would be given to select patients?

A

Self limiting, only given to severely immunosuppressed

Macrolides so clarithromycin

31
Q

Which Campylobacter species is the one most commonly found in gastroenteritis?

A

C. jejuni

32
Q

Which infection commonly occurs in outbreaks and can lead to bacteriaemia?

A

Salmonella

33
Q

Which foods can lead to Salmonella infection?

A

Poultry

Meat

Raw egg

34
Q

Which symptom is characteristic of infectious gastroenteritis?

A

Fever

35
Q

Which species of Salmonella causes gastroenteritis?

A

S. enteritidis

36
Q

Salmonella associated with gastroenteritis is (typhoidal / non-typhoidal).

A

non-typhoidal

37
Q

Which antigen is found on the LPS of Salmonella?

A

O antigen

38
Q

Different types of Salmonella are classified on the type of ___ found on their cell membranes.

A

antigen

O antigen specifically

39
Q

E. coli also have ___ antigens.

A

O

40
Q

Which specific type of E. coli is commonly associated with gastroenteritis?

A

O157 E. coli

41
Q

E. coli release cytotoxins.

What are these?

A

Toxic / destructive effect on cells

42
Q

What is the result of cytotoxins released by E. coli and Shigella?

A

Bloody diarrhoea

43
Q

Why are cytotoxins also called Shiga-like toxins?

A

E. coli and Shigella produce similar toxins

44
Q

Why does E. coli / Shigella infection have poor outcomes in older, younger and pregnant people?

A

Causes bleeding

Complication is haemolytic ureamic syndrome which is also very bad

45
Q

Why aren’t antibiotics given to people with gastroenteritis?

A

Antibiotics aren’t effective against E. coli 0157 and allow them to proliferate (reduced competition)

So increased production of Shiga-like toxin

So increased damage and risk of complications (HUS)

So poorer patient outcome

46
Q

What is the main symptom of O157 E. coli infection?

A

Bloody diarrhoea

47
Q

How much E. coli needs to invade you to cause infection?

A

Very little

48
Q

Which is E. coli associated with mortality?

A

Enterohaemorrhagic disease

i.e bleeding in the colon, rectum

49
Q

Which other system is damaged by E. coli infection?

Why?

A

Renal system

Cytotoxin binds to and kills these cells as well

50
Q

What is HUS?

A

Haemolytic ureamic syndrome

a renal complication of E. coli 0157 gastroenteritis.

51
Q

How does HUS present?

A

Yet more bloody diarrhoea

Abdominal pain

Fever

Pallor

Petechiae

Oliguria

52
Q

Who needs to be notified about HUS / E. coli infection?

A

Health Protection Unit

53
Q

Is all diarrhoea caused by infection?

A

Nah

54
Q

What are two viruses which cause gastroenteritis?

A

Rotavirus

Norovirus

55
Q

Which virus, causing gastroenteritis, is common in children?

A

Rotavirus

56
Q

Which virus is also known as the “winter vomiting bug” and causes explosive diarrhoea and vomiting?

A

Norovirus

Gastrointestinal Week 4 2016/17 (10 decks)

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