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Gastrointestinal Week 4 2016/17 > 8: Anatomy - Faecal continence > Flashcards

8: Anatomy - Faecal continence Flashcards

1
Q

What structures are included in the distal GI tract?

A

Rectum

Anal canal

Anus

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2
Q

What is the function of the distal GI tract?

A

Excrete stool

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3
Q

What is the holding area for faeces?

A

Rectum

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4
Q

Which nerve fibres supply the rectum to detect its level of “fullness”?

A

Visceral afferents

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5
Q

Muscle sphincters in the distal part of the anus (contract / relax) to prevent defecation.

A

contract

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6
Q

Muscle sphincters in the distal part of the anus (contract / relax) to allow defecation.

A

relax

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7
Q

The rectum is located within the ___ cavity.

A

pelvic

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8
Q

Which muscle forms the pelvic floor?

A

Levator ani muscle

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9
Q

Which tracts pass through the levator ani?

A

GI tract

Renal tract

Reproductive tract

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10
Q

At which line does the sigmoid colon become the rectum?

A

Recto-sigmoid junction

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11
Q

At which vertebral level is the recto-sigmoid junction found?

A

S3

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12
Q

Which part of the rectum stores most of the faecal material and is found superior to the levator ani?

A

Rectal ampulla

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13
Q

The walls of the rectal ___ can relax to accomodate faeces.

A

ampulla

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14
Q

What lies anterior to the inferior rectum in males?

A

Prostate gland

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15
Q

What lies anterior to the inferior rectum in females?

A

Vagina and cervix

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16
Q

When naming pouches, what does “vesico/vesical” mean?

A

Bladder

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17
Q

What is the pouch found in the abdominal cavity of males?

A

Rectovesical pouch

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18
Q

What are the two pouches found in the abdominal cavity of females?

A

Rectouterine pouch (of Douglas)

Vesicouterine pouch

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19
Q

Which muscle supplies support for the pelvic organs?

A

Levator ani

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20
Q

Which branch of the sacral plexus supplies the levator ani?

A

“Nerve to levator ani”

not joking

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21
Q

The pudendal nerves supply the levator ani. At which vertebral levels do these nerves originate?

A

S2,3,4

s2,3,4 keeps the pelvis off the floor

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22
Q

Which muscle of the levator ani acts like a sphincter to constrict the rectum voluntarily?

A

Puborectalis

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23
Q

Which two anal sphincters maintain faecal continence?

A

Internal anal sphincter

External anal sphincter

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24
Q

Which type of muscle makes up the internal anal sphincter?

A

Smooth muscle

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25
Q

Which type of muscle makes up the external anal sphincter?

A

Skeletal muscle

26
Q

The anal canal is found inferior to the ___ junction.

A

anorectal

27
Q

Which autonomic nerves contract the internal anal sphincter?

A

Sympathetic nerves

fight or flight - why would you defecate while running away from a lion

28
Q

Which autonomic nerves relax the internal anal sphincter?

A

Parasympathetic nerves

29
Q

Which stimulus relaxes the internal anal sphincter?

A

Distension of the rectal ampulla

30
Q

Which nerve stimulates the contraction of the external anal sphincter?

A

Pudendal nerve

S2,3,4

31
Q

Which part of the body is found below the levator ani?

A

Perineum

32
Q

Generally, which arms of the nervous system supply structures in the pelvis?

A

Visceral afferents

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

33
Q

Generally, which arms of the nervous system supply the perineum?

A

Somatic motor

Somatic sensory

34
Q

Sympathetic nerves from which spinal cord levels supply the rectum and anal canal?

A

T12 - L2

35
Q

Where do rectum / anal canal sympathetic nerves synapse?

A

Inferior mesenteric ganglia

36
Q

How do post-synaptic sympathetic nerves travel to the rectum and anal canal?

A

Periarterial plexuses

37
Q

Sympathetic nerves (contract / relax) the internal anal sphincter.

A

contract

38
Q

Sympathetic nerves (inhibit / stimulate) peristalsis.

A

inhibit

39
Q

Parasympathetic fibres supply the rectum / anal canal from which spinal cord levels?

A

S2 - S4

40
Q

How do parasympathetic nerves travel to the rectum / anal canal from S2 - S4?

A

Pelvic splanchnic nerves

41
Q

Where do parasympathetic nerves supplying the rectum / anal canal synapse?

A

In the walls of the rectum / anal canal

42
Q

Parasympathetic nerves (contract / relax) the internal anal sphincter.

A

relax

43
Q

Parasympathetic nerves (inhibit / stimulate) peristalsis.

A

stimulate

44
Q

Which nerves piggy-back on the parasympathetic nerves as they return back to S2-S4 on the way to the CNS?

A

Visceral afferents

45
Q

Which somatic nerves travel from S2-S4 to contract the external anal sphincter and puborectalis?

A

Somatic motor (via the pudendal nerves, S2-S4)

46
Q

Which nerve, a branch of the sacral plexus, supplies the external anal sphincter?

A

Pudendal nerve

47
Q

Which two holes in the pelvis transmit the pudendal nerve?

A

Greater sciatic foramen

Lesser sciatic foramen

48
Q

In women, which event can damage pudendal nerve fibres or external anal sphincter muscles?

A

Childbirth

49
Q

Why may a woman be incontinent after childbirth?

A

Tearing of perineum inc. nerves, muscle and external anal sphincter

50
Q

What is the pectinate line?

A

Line between endoderm and ectoderm

arterial, venous, lymphatic and nerve supplies differ above and below

51
Q

What are the major lymph nodes draining pelvic organs, from inferior to superior?

A

External iliac

Internal iliac

Common iliac

Lumbar

52
Q

Which artery supplies the hindgut organs?

A

Inferior mesenteric artery

53
Q

Which artery supplies the remainder of the GI tract after the hindgut?

A

Internal iliac artery

54
Q

Which arteries anastomose to supply the rectum and anal canal?

A

Inferior mesenteric artery

Internal iliac artery

55
Q

Which vein drains the rectum and anal canal above the pectinate line?

A

Inferior mesenteric vein

56
Q

Which venous system drains the hindgut?

A

Portal venous system

57
Q

Which vein drains the anus below the pectinate line?

A

Internal iliac vein

58
Q

Which venous system drains below the pectinate line?

A

Systemic venous system

59
Q

Are rectal varices and haemorrhoids the same thing?

A

No

60
Q

What are rectal varices?

A

Dilation of portal-systemic anastomoses due to portal hypertension

61
Q

What are haemorrhoids?

A

Prolapses of rectal venous plexuses

62
Q

Which areas, near the anal canal, are filled with fat and loose connective tissue?

A

Ischioanal fossae

Gastrointestinal Week 4 2016/17 (10 decks)

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