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Introduction to Networking > 9. Ethernet VE ( Between Layer 2 and 1 ) > Flashcards

9. Ethernet VE ( Between Layer 2 and 1 ) Flashcards

1
Q

What layer does Ethernet operates?

A
  1. Data Link Layer
  2. Physical Layer
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2
Q

What standards does ethernet defined in?

A
  1. IEEE 802.2 ( LLC )
  2. IEEE 802.3 ( MAC )
  • It is also a family of networking technologies
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3
Q

List out the standards for the MAC sublayer ( 3 )

A
  1. IEEE 802.3
  2. IEEE 802.11
  3. IEEE 802.15
  • The 802 LAN/MAN standards which including etnernet, use 2 sublayers ( LLC / MAC ) to seperate sublayers of the data link layer to operate
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4
Q

What does LLC sublayer does?

A
  1. Places information in the frame to identify which network layer protocol is used for the frame
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5
Q

What is MAC sublayer responsible of? ( 3 )

A
  1. Data encapsulation
  2. Media access control
  3. Provides data link layer addressing
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6
Q

List out the things that IEEE 802.3 encapsulates ( 3 )

A
  1. Ethernet Frame
  2. Ethernet Addressing
  3. Ethernet Error Detection\
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7
Q

What does Ethernet Addressing includes ? ( 2 )

A
  1. Source MAC Address
  2. Destination MAC Address
  • Deliver Ethernet frame from Ethernet NIC to Ethernet NIC on the same LAN
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8
Q

What does Ethernet frame includes what to error detection?

A
  1. Frame Check Sequence ( FCS )
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9
Q

What modes does today’s Ethernet LAN operate? ( Full / Half Duplec )

A
  1. Full-duplex
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10
Q

Does Full-duplex communications with Ethernet swithes require access control through CSMA/CD?

A
  1. No
  • CD is only available in Half-Duplex Networks
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11
Q

What does IEEE 802.3 MAC includes the specifications for?

A
  1. Different ethernet communications standards over various media ( copper, fiber )
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12
Q

What legacy ethernet topology is a shared, half-duplex medium?

A
  1. Bus
  2. Hubs
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13
Q

What does Helf-duplex Ethernet uses to communicate?

A
  1. Contention-based access method ( Token )
  2. Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection ( CSMA/CD )
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14
Q

What is the minimum and maximum Ethernet frame size?

A
  1. Minimum - 64 bytes
  2. Maximum - 1518 bytes
  • Not included when describing the size of the frame
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15
Q

What does the frame called when the frame is less then 64 bytes? ( 2 )

A
  1. Collision Fragment
  2. Runt Frame
  • It will be automatically discarded
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16
Q

What does the frame called when the frame is greater then 1518 bytes? ( 2 )

A
  1. Jumbo
  2. Baby Giant Frames
  • It was usually supported by most Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet switches and NICs
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17
Q

What is the range for 00000000 to 11111111 binary can be represented as hexadecimal?

A
  1. 00 to FF

( 15 ( F ) x 16^1 ) + ( 15 ( F ) * 16^0 ) = 256

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18
Q

What is the rules of representing Hexadecimal at MAC address? ( 3 )

A
  1. Leading zero are always displayed to complete the 8 bit representation ( 0000 1010 - 0A )
  2. Hexadecimal numbers are often represented by the value 0x to distinguish between decimal and hexedecimal values in documentation
  3. Hexadecimal may also be represented by a subscipt 16, or the hex number followed by an H ( 73H )
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19
Q

What does MAC address also called as?

A
  1. NIC Address
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20
Q

How many binary value does MAC address consists? How does it expressed?

A
  1. 48 bit binary
  2. 12 hexadecimal values

00-11-22-AA-BB-CC
_________ __________
3 Hex = 48 bit
one Hex ( 00 ) = 1 byte
1 byte = 8 bits

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21
Q

What does MAC address provides?

A
  1. A method for device indentification at the data link layer of the OSI model
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22
Q

How to ensure MAC address is unique?

A
  1. Vendors that sell Ethernet devices must register with the IEEE to obtain a unique 6 hexadecimal
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23
Q

What are to 6 hexadecimal code called that is assigned to the vendor?

A
  1. Organizationally Unique Identifier ( OUI )
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24
Q

What does Ethernet MAC address consists? ( 2 )

A
  1. 6 Hexadecimal Vendor OUI ( Organizationally Unique Identifier ) code
  2. 6 Hexadecimal Vendor-Assigned Value
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25
Q

What does Ethernet header include?

A
  1. Source MAC Address
  2. Destination MAC Address
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26
Q

List out the steps for Frame Processing ( 3 )

A
  1. When a NIC receives an Ethernet frame, it examines the destination MAC address to see if it matches the physical MAC address that is stored in RAM
  2. If there is no match, the device discards the frame
  3. If there is a match, it passes the frame up the OSI layers, where the de-encapsulation process takes place
  • Ethernet NICs will also accept frames if the destination MAC address is broadcast of a multicast group of which the host is a member
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27
Q

List out the types of devices that will have an Ethernet NIC and MAC address ( 5 )

A
  1. Workstations
  2. Servers
  3. Printers
  4. Mobile Devices
  5. Routers
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28
Q

When does the unicast MAC address is being used?

A
  1. Used when a frame is sent from a single transmitting device to a single destination device
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29
Q

What is the term that called as the process that a source host uses to determine the destination MAC address associated with an IPv4 address?

A
  1. Address Resolution Protocol ( ARP )
30
Q

What that the term called as the process that a source host uses to determine the destination MAC address associated with an IPv6 address ?

A
  1. Neighbor Discovery ( ND )
31
Q

Does the source MAC address must always be a unicast?

A
  1. Yes
32
Q

What is the destination MAC address for Broadcast MAC address?

A
  1. FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF
  • 48 ones in binary
  • It is flooded out all Ethernet switch ports except the incoming port
  • It is not forwarded by a router
33
Q

How does Ethernet multicast frame?

A
  1. Received and processed by a group of devices that belong to the same multicast group
34
Q

What is the Destination MAC address for Multicast?

A
  1. 01-00-5E ( IPv4 Multicast Packet )
  2. 33-33 ( IPv6 Multicast Packet )
  • There are also other reserved multicast destination MAC addresses for when the encapsulated data is not IP, such as Spanning Tree Protocol ( STP )
35
Q

What does the multicast IP address requires?

A
  1. Corresponding Multicast MAC address
36
Q

What does the Layer 2 Ethernet switch uses?

A
  1. Layer 2 MAC addresses to make forwarding decisions
37
Q

What is Layer Ethernet switch unaware for?

A
  1. The data protocol beign carried in the data portion of the frame ( IPv4 Packet, ARP ( IPv4 ), ND ( IPv6 ) )
38
Q

What does Ethernet switch examines to make a forwarding decision for each frame

A
  1. MAC Address Table
  • Unlike legacy Ethernet hubs that repeat bits out all ports except the incoming port
39
Q

What is the value for MAC address table when a switch is on?

A
  1. Empty
40
Q

What does the MAC address table sometimes referred as?

A
  1. Content addressable memory
41
Q

List out 2 methods for switching data between network ports`

A
  1. Store-and-forward switching
  2. Cut-through switching
42
Q

What does Store-and-forward swithing do?

A
  1. Receives the entire frame and computes the CRC. If the CRC is valid, the switch looks up the destination address, which determines the outgoing interface. Then the frame is forwarded out of the correct port
43
Q

What does Cut-through switching do?

A
  1. This frame forwarding method forwards the frame before it is entirely received. At a minumum, the destination address of the frame must be read before the frame can be forwarded
44
Q

What is the advantages of store-and-forward switching?

A
  1. It determines if a frame has errors before propagating the frame. When an error is detected in a frame, the switch discards the frame. Discarding frames with errors reduces the amount of bandwidth consumed by corrupt data
45
Q

What Frame Forwarding Methods is required for quality of service ( QoS ) ?

A
  1. Store-and-forward
  • Required for Quality of Service on converged networks where frame classification for traffic pioritization is necessary. For example, voice over IP ( VoIP ) data streams need to have priority over web-browsing traffic
46
Q

What does the switch acts when using Cut-Through Switching?

A
  1. Acts upon the data is soon as it is received, even the transmission isn’t complete. The switch bufferes just enough of the frame to read the destination MAC address so that it can determine to which port it should forward out the data.
47
Q

Will the switch perform error checking on Cut-Through Switching?

A
  1. NO
48
Q

List out the 2 varians of Cut-Through Switching

A
  1. Fast-Forward Switching
  2. Fragment-Free Switching
49
Q

Which Cut-Through Switching offers the lowest level of latency?

A
  1. Fast-Forward Switching
  • Immediately forwarding a packet after reading the destination address
  • Fast-forward before the entire packet has been received
50
Q

What will happen when there are packets displayed with errors in Fast-Forward Switching?

A
  1. The destination NIC discards the faulty packet upon receipt
51
Q

What Cut-Through Switching has a compromise between high latency and high integrity of store-and-forward switching and the low latency and reduced integrity of fast-forward swithcing?

A
  1. Fragment-Free Switching
52
Q

How does Fragment-Free Switching performs?

A
  1. The switch stores and performs an error check on teh first 64 bytes of the frame before forwarding. Because most network errors and collisions occur during the first 64 bytes, this ensures that a collision has not occurred before forwarding the frame
53
Q

What does Buffering technique do in Ethernet?

A
  1. Store frames before forwarding them or when the destination port is busy because of congestion
54
Q

List out the method for Memory Buffering on Switches

A
  1. Port-Based Memory
  2. Shared Memory
55
Q

Where does Port-based memory stored?

A
  1. Stored in queues that are linked to specific incoming and outgoing ports
56
Q

Where does Shared Memory stored?

A
  1. Deposits all frames into a common memory buffer shared by all switch ports and the amount of buffer memory requested by a port is dynamically allocated
57
Q

List out 2 of the most basic settings on a switch

A
  1. Bandwidth ( Speed )
  2. Duplex
58
Q

List out 2 types of duplex mode

A
  1. Full-Duplex
    • Both ends of the connection can send and receive simultaneously
  2. Half-Duplex
    • Only one end of the connection can send at a time
59
Q

What is an optional function found on most Ethernet switches and NICs?

A
  1. Autonegotiation
  • Enables 2 devices to automatically negotiate the best speed and duplex capabilities
60
Q

What are the only duplex mode operate by GigabitEthernet?

A
  1. Full-Duplex
61
Q

What is one of the most common causes of performance issues on 10/100 Mbps Ethernet links?

A
  1. Duplex Mismatch
62
Q

How does Duplex Mismatch occurs?

A
  1. When one port on the link operates at half-duplex while the other port operates at ful-duplex
  • This can occur when one or both ports on a link are reset, and the autonegotiation process does not result in both link partners having the same configuration
  • It can also occur when users reconfigure one side of a link and forget to reconfigure the other. Both sides of a link should have autonegotiation on, or both sides should have it off. Best practice is to configure both Ethernet switch ports as full-duplex
63
Q

Once devices are required to use crossover or straight through cable for connection, but nowadays, what does it support?

A
  1. Automatic medium-dependent interface crossover ( auto-MDIX )
  • The switch automatically detects the type of cable attached to the port and configures the interfaces accordingly
64
Q

List out the 2 primary addresses assigned to a device on an Ethernet LAN

A
  1. MAC address ( Layer 2 Logical Address )
    • Used for NIC to NIC communications on the same Ethernet network
  2. IP address ( Layer 3 Logical Address )
    • Used to send the packet from the source device to the destination device
  • If a destination IP address is on the same network, the destination MAC address will be that of the destination device
65
Q

What will the destination MAC address is when the destination IP address is on a remote network?

A
  1. Default Gateway
66
Q

What does IPv4 use to associate the IPv4 Address of a device with the MAC address of the device NIC

A
  1. ARP
67
Q

What does IPv6 use to associate the IPv6 Address of a device with the MAC address of the device NIC

A
  1. ICMPv6
68
Q

Why does devices needed to use ARP?

A
  1. Determine the destination MAC address of a local device when it knows its IPv4 address
69
Q

List out the 2 basic functions of ARP

A
  1. Resolving IPv4 addresses to MAC addresses
  2. Maintaining an ARP table of IPv4 to MAC address mappings
70
Q

What are the steps for sending a frame?

A
  1. Device will search its ARP table for a destination IPv4 address and a corresponding MAC address
  2. IF the packet’s destination is on the same network, the device will search the ARP table for the destination IPv4 address
  3. IF the destination IPv4 address is on a different network, the device will search the ARP table for the IPv4 address of the default gateway
  4. If the device locates the IPv4 address, its correspondig MAC address is used as the destination MAC address in the frame
  5. If there is no ARP table entry is found, then the device sends an ARP request
71
Q

When are the entities removed from ARP table?

A
  1. ARP cache timer expires after some time
  • Differs depending on the OS
  • Also can be removed by administrator
72
Q

List out 2 of the issues for ARP

A
  1. ARP Broadcasting
  2. ARP Spoofing

Introduction to Networking (13 decks)

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