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Introduction to Networking > 2. Protocols and Models > Flashcards

2. Protocols and Models Flashcards

1
Q

What can network vary of ? ( 2 )

A
  1. Size
  2. Complexity
  • Device must agree on “how” to communicate regard of having a connection
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2
Q

List out the 3 elements to any communication

A
  1. There will be a Source ( Sender )
  2. There will be a Destination ( Receiver )
  3. There will be a Channel ( Media ) that provides for a path of communications to occur
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3
Q

What communications are governed by ?

A
  1. Protocols
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4
Q

What is protocol?

A
  1. Rules that communications will follow
  • Rules will vary depending on the protocol
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5
Q

List out the requirements for protocols ( 4 )

A
  1. An identified sender and receiver
  2. Common language and grammar
  3. Speed and timing of delivery
  4. Confirmation or acknowledgement requirements
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6
Q

List out the common computer protocols must be in agreement and include ( 5 )

A
  1. Message encoding
  2. Message formatting and encapsulation
  3. Message size ( important )
  4. Message timing
  5. Message delivery options
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7
Q

What is encoding?

A
  1. The process of converting information into another acceptable form for transmission
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8
Q

What is decoding?

A
  1. Reverses encoding to interpret the information
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9
Q

What will the messages will be encoded to?

A
  1. Converted to bits
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10
Q

What does the destination host must do to interpret the message?

A
  1. Decode
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11
Q

What will the bits are converted into ? （ 3 ）

A
  1. Light ( Glass, Fiber )
  2. Sound
  3. Electrical Impulses ( Copper Cable )
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12
Q

What will the file be converted when a long message is sent from one host to another over a network? ( Message Size )

A
  1. Break the message into smaller pieces ( packets )
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13
Q

What does message timing includes? ( 3 )

A
  1. Flow Control
  2. Response Timeout
  3. Access Method
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14
Q

What does flow control manages ?

A
  1. Manages the rate of data transmission and defines how much information can be sent and the speed at which it can be delievered
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15
Q

What does response timeout manages?

A
  1. Manages how long a device waits when it does not hear a reply from the destination
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16
Q

What does access method mean?

A
  1. Determints when someone can send a message
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17
Q

Why collisions occured?

A
  1. It occured when more than one device sends trafic at the same time and the messages become corrupt
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18
Q

What are the methods for protocols used to prevent collisions? ( 2 )

A
  1. Proactive and attempt to prevent collisions
  2. Reactive and establish a recovery method after the collision occurs
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19
Q

List out 3 message delivery methods

A
  1. Unicast - one to one communication
  2. Multicast - one to many, typically not all
  3. Broadcast - one to all
  • Documents may use node icon to represent all devices
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20
Q

Broadcast is not available on which IP version? What is the additional delivery option?

A
  1. IPv6
  2. Anycast
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21
Q

What devices can network protocal implemented on? ( 3 )

A
  1. Software
  2. Hardware
  3. Both
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22
Q

What must protocols have? ( 3 )

A
  1. Function
  2. Format
  3. Rule
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23
Q

List out all the protocol type ( 4 )

A
  1. Network Communications ( IP Address )
  2. Network Security
  3. Routing
  4. Service Discovery
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24
Q

What does network communications do?

A
  1. Enable 2 or more devices to communcate over one or more networks
  • Internet Protocol ( IP )
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25
Q

What does network security do ?

A
  1. Secure data to provide authentication, data integrity, and data encryption
  • Secure Sockets Layer/Transport Layer Security (SSL/TLS)
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26
Q

What does routing do?

A
  1. Enable routers to exchange route information, compare path infomation and select bast path
  • Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)
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27
Q

What does service discovery do?

A
  1. Used for the automatic detection of devices or services
  • Domain Name System (DNS)
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28
Q

What must device agree to communicate

A
  1. Protocols
  • It may have one or more functions
    ( TCP is one of the example, for more details, check out notion )
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29
Q

List out all the function for protocols? ( 6 )

A
  1. Addressing
  2. Reliability
  3. Flow Control
  4. Sequencing
  5. Error Detection
  6. Application Interface
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30
Q

What identifies sender and receiver ?

A
  1. Addressing
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31
Q

What provides guaranteed delivery ?

A
  1. Reliability
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32
Q

What ensures data flows at an efficient rate?

A
  1. Flow Control
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33
Q

What uniquely labels each transitted segment of data?

A
  1. Sequencing
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34
Q

What determines if data became corruption during transmission?

A
  1. Error Detection
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35
Q

What process-to-process communications between network applications?

A
  1. Application Interface
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36
Q

What is it called when we use network, we require the use of several protocols ?

A
  1. Protocol Interaction
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37
Q

List out all the protocols when sending message?

A
  1. HTTP ( Hypertext Transfer Protocol ) - Application Layer
  2. Transmission Control Protocol ( TCP ) - Transport Layer
  3. Internet Protocol ( IP ) - Network Layer
  4. Ethernet - Data Link and Physical Layer
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38
Q

What protocols need when we need for sending / receiving email?

A
  1. SMTP ( Simple Mail Transfer Protocol ) / POP3 ( Post Office Protocol 3 )
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39
Q

What network protocol check errors and delivers messages from one NIC to another NIC on the same Ethernet LAN?

A
  1. Ethernet
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40
Q

What delivers messages globally from the sender to receiver?

A
  1. Internet Protocol ( IP )
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41
Q

What manages flow control, individual conversations and provided guaranteed delivery?

A
  1. Transmission Control Protocol ( TCP )
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42
Q

What governs the way a web server and a web client interact and defines content and format?

A
  1. Hypertext Transfer Protocol ( HTTP )
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43
Q

What is protocol suite?

A
  1. A group of inter-related protocols necessary to perform a communication function
  2. Sets of rules that work together to help solve a problem
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44
Q

How protocols are viewed ?

A
  1. Layers
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45
Q

List out the layers for protocols

A
  1. Higher Layers
  2. Lower Layers - Concerned with moving data and provide servies to upper layers
46
Q

List out several protocol suites ( 4 )

A
  1. Internet Protocol Suite or TCP / IP
  2. Open Systems Interconnection ( OSI )
  3. AppleTalk ( Obsolete )
  4. Novell NetWare
47
Q

Where does TCP/IP operate at ?

A
  1. Operate at application, transport and internet layers
48
Q

What is the most common network access layer LAN protocols ? ( 2 )

A
  1. Ethernet
  2. WLAN
49
Q

What is the most commonly used protocols?

A
  1. TCP/IP
  • It was also a protocol suite used by many internet and includes many protocols
  • It was freely available to the public and can be used by any vendor
50
Q

Who creates and organizes TCP/IP?

51
Q

What is segments?

A
  1. Is the actions deviding large chunks of data into smaller piece
52
Q

What does open standards encourage?

A
  1. Interoperability
  2. Competition
  3. Innovation

Standards Organizations Are:
1. Vendor-Neutral
2. Non-Profit Organizations
3. Established to develop and promote the concept of open standards

53
Q

List out all the internet standards organizations ( 5 )

A
  1. Internet Society ( ISOC )
  2. Internet Architecture Board ( IAB )
  3. Internet Engineering Task Force ( IETF )
    • Update , develop and maintains internet and TCP/IP technologies
  4. Internet Research Task Force ( IRTF )
    • Focused on long-term research related to internet and TCP/IP protocols
  • ICANN and IANA also supports and develop TCP/IP
  • ICANN coordinates IP address allocation, while IANA oversees and manages IP address allocation, domain name management, and protocol identifiers for ICANN
54
Q

List out all the electronic and communications standards organizations

A
  1. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ( IEEE )
  2. Electronic Industries Alliance ( EIA )
  3. Telecommunications Industry Association ( TIA )
  4. International Telecommunications Union-Telecommunication Stadardization Sector ( ITU-T )
55
Q

List out 2 layered models describe network operations

A
  1. Open System Interconnection ( OSI ) Reference Model
  2. TCP/IP Reference Model
56
Q

Why was a layered model is used?

A
  1. Complex concepts ( how network operates ) can be difficult to explain and understand
57
Q

What does HTTP, DNS, DHCP, FTP is referenced in OSI and TCP/IP Model

A

OSI :
1. Application
2. Presentation
3. Session
TCP/IP :
1. Application

58
Q

What does TCP and UDP is references in OSI and TCP/IP model?

A

OSI & TCP/IP :
1. Transport

59
Q

What does IPv4, IPv6, ICMPv4, ICMPv6 is referenced in OSI and TCP/IP model?

A

OSI :
1. Network
TCP/IP :
1. Internet

60
Q

Why does TCP/IP model combine Presentation and Section layer to Application layer

A
  1. Because applications layer have already done presentation and session in it
61
Q

What does Ethernet, WLAN, SONET & SDH is referenced in OSI and TCP/IP model?

A

OSI :
1. Data Link
2. Physical
TCP/IP :
1. Network Access

62
Q

List out all the layer in OSI model ( 7 )

A
  1. Application
  2. Presentation
  3. Session
  4. Transport
  5. Network
  6. Data Link
  7. Physical
63
Q

List out all the layers in TCP/IP model? ( 4 )

A
  1. Application
  2. Transport
  3. Internet
  4. Network Access
64
Q

What are the benefits of using a layered model? ( 4 )

A
  1. Assist in protocol design ( protocols that operate at a specific layer have defined information that they act upon defined interface to the layers above and below )
  2. Foster competition ( Product from different vendors can work together )
  3. Prevent technology or capability changes in one layer from affecting other layers above and below
  4. Provide a common language to describe networking functions and capablilities
65
Q

Why the benifit of using layed model is assist in protocol design ?

A
  1. Because protocols that operate at a specific layer have defined information that they act upon and a defined interface to the layer above and below
66
Q

Why the benifit of using layed model is foster competition ?

A
  1. Because protocols from different vendors can work together
67
Q

What does Application layer do in OSI model ?

A
  1. Contains protocols used for precess-to-process communications
  • process-to-process communications
68
Q

What does Presentation layer do in OSI model ?

A
  1. Provides common representation of the data transferred between application layer services
  • representation of the data
69
Q

What does Session layer do in OSI model ?

A
  1. Provides services to the presentation layer and to manage data exchange.
  • Manage data exchange
70
Q

What does Transport layer do in OSI model ?

A
  1. Defines services to segmant, transfer, and reassemble the data for individual communications
  • segmant, transfer, and reassemble data
71
Q

What does Network layer do in OSI model ?

A
  1. Provided services to exchange the individual pieces of data over the network
  • Exchange the individual pieces of data over the network
72
Q

What does Data Link layer do in OSI model ?

A
  1. Describes methods for exchanging data frames over a common media
  • Exchanging data frames over a common media
73
Q

What does Physical layer do in OSI model ?

A
  1. Describes the means to activate maintain, and de-activate physical connections
    * physical connections
74
Q

What does Application layer do in TCP/IP model ?

A
  1. Represents data to the user, plus encoding and dialog control
  • Represents data
75
Q

What does Transport do in TCP/IP model ?

A
  1. Supports communication between various devices across diverse networks
  • Communication between various devices
76
Q

What does Internet layer do in TCP/IP model ?

A
  1. Determinres the best path through the network
  • best path through the network
77
Q

What does Network Access layer do in TCP/IP model ?

A
  1. Controls the hardware devices and media that make up the network
  • hardware devices and media
78
Q

What layer does OSI devides of the TCP/IP model into multiple layers? ( 2 )

A
  1. Application
  2. Network
79
Q

Which protocol does not specify which protocols to use when transmitting over a physical medium

A
  1. TCP/IP protocol
80
Q

What is segmenting?

A
  1. The process of breaking up messages into smaller units
81
Q

What is multiplexing?

A
  1. Is the process of taking multiple streams of segmented data and interleaving ( mixing ) them together
82
Q

List out 2 of the benefits in segmenting

A
  1. Increases Speed
    • Large amounts of data can be sent over the network without typing up a communications link
  2. Increases Efficiency
    • Only segments which fail to reach the destination need to be retransmitted, not the entire data stream
83
Q

Which segments need to be retransmitted?

A
  1. Segments which fail to reach
84
Q

What is responsible for sequencing the individual segments?

85
Q

What is the process called for numbering the sequences?

A
  1. Sequencing Messages
86
Q

What is encapsulation?

A
  1. The process where protocols add their information to the data
87
Q

What is the full name for PDU

A
  1. Protocol Data Units
88
Q

Why PDU have a different name?

A
  1. To reflect its new functions
89
Q

List out all the PDU ( Passing down ) ( 5 )

A
  1. Data ( Data Stream )
  2. Segment
  3. Packet
  4. Frame
  5. Bits ( Bit Stream )
  • De-encapsulated Steps :
    5. Data ( Data Stream )
    4. Segment
    3. Packet
    2. Frame
    1. Bits ( Bit Stream )
90
Q

Data link and network layers use what to deliver data from source to destination?

A
  1. Addressing
91
Q

What is responsible for delivering the IP packet from original source to the final destination?

A
  1. Network layer source and destination addresses
  • IP address
92
Q

What is responsible for delivering the data link frame form one network interface card ( NIC ) to another NIC on the same network

A
  1. Data link layer source and destination addresses
  • MAC ( Media Access Control Address )
93
Q

List out 2 IP addresses that contain inside the IP packet

A
  1. Source IP address
    • IP address of the sending device
  2. Destination IP address
    • IP address of the receiving device
  • They may be on the same link of remote
94
Q

List out the 2 parts that IP address contains

A
  1. Network Portion ( IPv4 ) or Prefix ( IPv6 )
  2. Host Portion ( IPv4 ) or Interface ID ( IPv6 )
95
Q

Will LAN or WAN have the same network portion?

96
Q

What potion is unique for each device on the network?

A
  1. Host Portion ( IPv4 ) or Interface ID ( IPv6 )
97
Q

Which indicate the left-most part of the address indicates the network group which the IP address is a member?

A
  1. Network portion (IPv4) or Prefix (IPv6)
98
Q

Which indicate the remaining part of the address identifies a specific device within the group?

A
  1. Host portion (IPv4) or Interface ID (IPv6)
99
Q

What will happen when deviced are on the same network the source and destination?

A
  1. It will have the same number in network portion of the address
100
Q

What will happen when the source and destination have a different network portion?

A
  1. This means that they are on different networks
101
Q

What addresses are physically embedded into the Ethernet NIC and are local addressing

A
  1. MAC Addresses ( Media Access Control )
102
Q

What layer that MAC addresses at?

A
  1. Data Link Layer
103
Q

What will happen when devices are on the same Ethernet network?

A
  1. The data link frame will use the actual MAC address of the destination NIC
104
Q

What are the roles of Source and Destination MAC addresses in a data frame, and how do they relate to the local network?

A
  1. The Source MAC address will be that of the originator on the link.
  2. The Destination MAC address will always be on the same link as the source, even if the ultimate destination is remote.
105
Q

What is it mean that the source and destination have a different network portion?

A
  1. This means that they are on different networks

PC1 - 192.168.1.1
Web Server - 172.16.1.1

106
Q

Layer 3 ( Network Layer )will provide layer 2 ( Network Layer ) what when the final destination is remote?

A
  1. Default Gateway IP Address
  • Also known as router address
107
Q

What is default gateway?

A
  1. The router interface IP address that is part of this LAn and will be the “door” or “gateway” to all other remote locations
108
Q

What will happen when Data Link Layer forwards to the default gateway ( router )

A
  1. The router can start the routing process of getting the information to actual destination
109
Q

List out the example for local addressing

A
  1. Data Link Addressing ( MAC Address )
110
Q

List out the first segment for MAC Address

A
  1. Source - ( PC1 NIC ) sends frame
  2. Destination - ( Router - DGW interface ) receives frame
111
Q

List out the second hop for MAC addressing

A
  1. Source ( First Router ) Sends frame
  2. Destination ( Second Router ) Reveices frame
112
Q

List out the last hop for MAC addressing

A
  1. Source – (Second Router- exit interface) sends frame
  2. Destination – (Web Server NIC) receives frame

Introduction to Networking (13 decks)

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