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Introduction to Networking > 10. Physical Layer > Flashcards

10. Physical Layer Flashcards

1
Q

What connection must be established before any network communications can occur?

A
  1. A physical connection to a local network
  • It can be wired or wireless depending on the setup of the network
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2
Q

What things that enables a device to connect to a network?

A
  1. Network Interface Card ( NIC )
  • Some device may have just one NIC, while others may have multiple NICs
  • Not al physical connections ofter the same level of performance
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3
Q

Where does the Physical Layer accepts the complete frame from?

A
  1. Data Link Layer
  • Then encodes it as a series of signals that are transmitted to the local media
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4
Q

What layer is the last step in the encapsulation?

A
  1. Physical Layer
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5
Q

What does physical layer do?

A
  1. Transport bits across the network media
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6
Q

Who governed the TCP/IP standards?

A
  1. IETF
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7
Q

What organizations manages physical layer standards?

A
  1. ISO
  2. EIA/TIA
  3. ITU-T
  4. ANSI
  5. IEEE
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8
Q

List out the 3 functional areas for Physical Layer Standards

A
  1. Physical Components
  2. Encoding
  3. Signaling
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9
Q

What does encoding do?

A
  1. Conversts the stram of bits into a format recognizable by the next device in the network path
  • It provides predictable patterns that can be recognized by the next device
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10
Q

List out the encoding methods

A
  1. Manchester
  2. 4B/5B
  3. 8B/10B
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11
Q

What does signaling do?

A
  1. How the bit values, “1” and “0” are represented on the physical medium
  • It can be vary based on the type of medium being used
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12
Q

What is bandwidth?

A
  1. The capacity at which a medium can carry data
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13
Q

What components play a role in determining available bandwidth? ( 3 )

A
  1. Physical media properties
  2. Current technologies
  3. Laws of Physics
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14
Q

What does digital bandwidth measures?

A
  1. The amount of data that can flow from one place to another in a given amount of time; how many bits can be transmitted in a second
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15
Q

Explain latency

A
  1. Amount of time ( delays ) for data to travel from one given point to another
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16
Q

Explain Throughput

A
  1. The measure of the transfer of bits across the media over a given period of time
  • Rate at which data is successfully transferred from one location to another over a network within a specified time period.
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17
Q

Explain Goodput and how to calculate it

A
  1. The measure of usable data transferred over a given period of time
  2. Goodput = Throughput - Traffic Overhead ( Latency )
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18
Q

What is the most common type of cabling used in networks today?

A
  1. Copper Cabling
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19
Q

What is the advantages of Copper Cabling? ( 3 )

A
  1. Not expensive
  2. Easy to install
  3. Low resistance to electrical current flow
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20
Q

What is the limitataions of coper cabling?

A
  1. Attenuation
    • The longer the electrical signals have to traverl, the weaker they get
  2. Electromagnetic Interference ( EMI ) and Radio Frequency Interference ( RFI ) can distort and corrupt the data signals
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21
Q

How to mitigate the limitations of copper cabling ? ( 3 )

A
  1. Strict adherence to cable length limits will mitigate attenuation
  2. Some kinds of copper cable mitigate EMI and RFI by using metallic sheilding and grounding
  3. Some kinds of copper cable mitigate crosstalk by twisting opposing circult pair wires together
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22
Q

List out the methods for copper cabling ( 3 )

A
  1. Unshielded Twisted-Pair ( UTP )
  2. Shielded Twisted-Pair ( STP )
  3. Coaxial Cable
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23
Q

What copper cabling methods is the most common networking media?

A
  1. Unshielded Twisted Pair ( UTP )
  • Interconnects hosts with intermediary network devices
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24
Q

What does UTP terminated with ? ( What type of connectors )

A
  1. RJ-45
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25
Q

List out the 3 key characteristics of UTP

A
  1. The outer jacket protects the copper wires from physical damage
  2. Twisted pairs protect the signal from interference
  3. Color-coded plastic insulation electrically isolates the wires from each other and identifies each pair
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26
Q

List out 3 comparison between STP and UTP

A
  1. Better noise protection than UTP
  2. More expensive than UTP
  3. Harder to install than UTP
  • Interconnects hosts with intermediary network devices
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27
Q

What does STP terminated with ? ( What type of connectors )

A
  1. RJ-45
28
Q

List out the 4 key characteristics of STP

A
  1. The outer jacket protects the copper wires from physical damage
  2. Braided or Foil Sheild provides EMI/RFI protection
  3. Foil shield for each pair of each wires provides EMI/RFI protection
  4. Color-coded plastic insulation electrically isolates the wires from each other and identifies each pair
29
Q

List out the 4 key characteristics of Coasial Cable

A
  1. Outer Cable Jacket to prevent minor physical damage
  2. A woven copper braid, or metallic foil, acts as the second wire in the circuit and as a shield for the inner conductor
  3. A layer of flexible plastic insulation
  4. A copper conductor is used to transmit the electronic signals
30
Q

List out the connectors for Coaxial Connectors

A
  1. BNC
  2. N type
  3. F type
  • Coaxial can be used in Wireless Installations ( Antennas ) or Cable internet installations
31
Q

What does UTP relies to limit crosstalk?

A
  1. Cancellation
    • Each wire in a pair of wires uses opposite polarity. One wire is negative, the other wire is positive. They are twisted together and the magnetic fields effectively cancel each other and outside EMI/RFI
  2. Variation in twists per foot in each wire - Each wire is twisted a different amount, which helps prevent crosstalk amongst the wires in the cable
32
Q

What is the standards for UTP? Who created the standards?

A
  1. TIA/EIA - 568 Standards
  2. TIA/EIA
33
Q

What are the TIA/EIA - 568 Standards standardizes elements?

A
  1. Cable Types
  2. Cable Lengths
  3. Connectors
  4. Cable Termination
  5. Testing Methods
34
Q

Who established the electrical standards for copper cabling?

A
  1. IEEE
35
Q

List out the examples for Electrical Standards ( 3 )

A
  1. Category 3
  2. Category 5 and 5e
  3. Category 6
36
Q

List out all the cable colors for copper cable

A
  1. Green
  2. Green White
  3. Brown
  4. Brown White
  5. Blue
  6. Blue White
  7. Orange
  8. Orange White
37
Q

List out the cables allocation difference between Copper Straight-Through and Crossover

A
  1. Straight Through - Pair 2 ( Orange )
  2. Crossover - Pair 3 ( Green )
  • Slide 25
38
Q

What is the standard for Copper Straight Through ?

A
  1. Both ends T568A or T568B
  • Host to Network Device
39
Q

What is the standard for Copper Crossover ?

A
  1. One end with T568A, while other end with T568B
  • Host-to-host, Switch-to-switch, router-to-router
40
Q

Why is Fiber-Optic Cabling not as common as UTP?

A
  1. Because the expense involved
  • It is ideal for some networking scenarios
41
Q

What is the advantages of Fiber-Optic Cabling? ( 2 )

A
  1. Transmits data over longer distances at higher bandwidth than any other networking media
  2. Less susceptible to attenuation, and completely immune to EMI/RFI
42
Q

What is Fiber-Optic Cabling made of?

A
  1. Flexible, extremely thin strands of very pure glass
43
Q

How does Fiber-Optic Cabling encodes bits as pulses of light? ( 2 )

A
  1. Uses a laser
  2. LED to encode bits as pulses of light
  • It acts as a wave guide to transmit light betwen the two ends with minimal signal loss
44
Q

List out the 2 types of Fiber Media

A
  1. Single-Mode Fiber
  2. Multimode Fiber
45
Q

What is the description for Single-Mode Fiber? ( 3 )

A
  1. Very small core
  2. Uses expensive lasers
  3. Long distance applicators
46
Q

What is the description for Multimode Fiber? ( 3 )

A
  1. Larger Core
  2. Uses less expensive LEDs
  3. LED’s transmit ar different angles
  4. Up to 10 Cbps over 550 meters
47
Q

What does dispersion refers to?

A
  1. The spreading out of a light pulse over tim.
48
Q

List out the 4 types of industry for Fiber-Optic Cabling

A
  1. Enterprise Networks
  2. Fiber-to-the-Home
  3. Long-Haul Networks
  4. Submarine Cable Network
49
Q

What does Enterprise Networks used for?

A
  1. Backbone cabling applcations and interconnection infrastructure devices
50
Q

What does Fiber-to-the-Home ( FTTH ) ?

A
  1. Used to provide always-on broadband services to homes and small businesses
51
Q

What does Long-Haul Networks used for?

A
  1. Used by service provides to connect countries and cities
52
Q

What does Submarine Cable Networks used to?

A
  1. Used to provide reliable high-speed, high-capacity solutions capable of surviving in harsh undersea environment at up to transoceanic distances
53
Q

What is the bandwidth between UTP cabling and Fibe-Optic Cabling?

A
  1. UTP Cabling ( 10 Mb/s - 10 GB/s )
  2. Fiber-Optic Cabling ( 10Mb/s - 100 CB/s )
54
Q

What is the distance between UTP cabling and Fiber-Optic Cabling?

A
  1. UTP , Relatively Short ( 1 - 100 meters )
  2. Fiber-Optic Cabling , Relatively Long ( 1 - 100,000 meters )
55
Q

What is immune to EMI and RFI UTP cabling or Fiber-Optic Cabling?

A
  1. Fiber-Optic Cabling
56
Q

What is immune to Immunity to electrical hazards UTP cabling or Fiber-Optic Cabling?

A
  1. Fiber-Optic Cabling
57
Q

What has the highest media and connector costs?

A
  1. Fiber-Optic Cabling
58
Q

What has the highest installation skills required?

A
  1. Fiber-Optic Cabling
59
Q

What is the highest Safety Precautions?

A
  1. Fiber-Optic Cabling
60
Q

List out the limitations of wireless media

A
  1. Coverage Area
    • Effective coverage can be significantly impacted by the physical characteristics of the deployment location
  2. Interference
    • Wireless is susceptible to interference and can be disrupted by many comon devices
  3. Security
    • Wireless communication coverage requires no access to a physical strand of media, so anyone can gain access to the transmission
  4. Shared Medium
    • WLANs operate in half-duplex, which means only onw device can send or receive at a time. Many users accessing the WLAN simultaneously results in reduced bandwidth for each user.
61
Q

What does Wireless Media carries?

A
  1. Carries electromagnetic signals representing binary digits using radio or microwave frequencies
  2. This provides the greatest mobility option
  3. Wireless connection numbers continue to increase
62
Q

What organizations cover both the data link and physical layer for wireless data communications?

A
  1. IEEE
  2. Telecommunications
63
Q

List out the specifications that physical layer dictate

A
  1. Data to radio signal encoding methods
  2. Frequency and power of transmission
  3. Signal reception and decoding requirements
  4. Antenna design and construction
64
Q

List out the wireless standards ( 4 )

A
  1. Wi-Fi ( IEEE 802.11 )
    • Wireless LAN ( WLAN ) technology
  2. Bluetooth ( IEEE 802.15 )
    • Wireless Personal Area network ( WPAN ) standard
  3. WiMax ( IEEE 802.16 )
    • Uses a point-to-multipoint topology to provide broadband wireless access
  4. Zigbee ( IEEE 802.15.4 )
    • Low data-rate, low power-consumption communications, primarily for Internet of Things ( IoT ) applications
65
Q

List out the required devices for Wireless LAN ( WLAN ) ( 2 )

A
  1. Wireless Access Point ( AP )
    • Concentrate wireless signals from users and connect to the existing copper-based network infrastructure
  2. Wireless NIC Adapters
    • Provide wireless communications capability to network hosts
66
Q

What must be considered when purchasing WLAN equipment?

A
  1. Compatibility
  2. Interoperability

Introduction to Networking (13 decks)

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