9. Changes in a species over time Flashcards

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1
Q

Define an index fossil

A

Geographically widely spread
Abundant
Easily identifiable
only existed for a short time span

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2
Q

Where would the youngest rocks be found in a rock profile?

A

at the top

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3
Q

Define a transition fossil

A

are intermediate between current and ancestral form.

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4
Q

What is an absolute age

A

determines the age of rock around a fossil using radiometric dating giving it an actual number

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5
Q

What is a relative age?

A

gives a relative order of events, does not predict actual age.

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6
Q

What is the half life of Carbon 14?

A

5730 Years

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7
Q

What is the maximum age you can use C14 for dating?

A

60,000 years

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8
Q

What type of radiometric dating is used for rock millions of years old?

A

Uranium Lead or Potassium Argon

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9
Q

What are the steps for a fossil forming in rock (this will need tweaking if it’s ice in the q)

A

A hard bodied organism is rapidly buried in sediment
Soft tissue decomposes.
Mineralisation occurs in the hard parts
Pressure turns sediment into rock

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10
Q

What is a direct fossil?

A

Fossils where the entire organism or parts of the organism are preserved.

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11
Q

What is a trace fossil?

A

Fossils showing the signs or remains of an organism?s activities e.g. footprints, bite marks.

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12
Q

What has ocurred in the fossil record at the end of each period of geological time?

A

Mass extinction

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13
Q

What is a fossil?

A

the remains or traces of pre-existing life forms preserved in rock, ice or amber

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14
Q

Define divergent evolution

A

Divergent evolution is when species that share a recent common ancestor become more dissimilar over time. These species share homologous structures.

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15
Q

Define homologous structures

A

Homologous structures have a similar structure but have different functions.

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16
Q

Define convergent evolution

A

Convergent evolution is when species independently develop different structures that have a similar function.

17
Q

Define analogous structures

A

Have a similar function, but are not structurally the same.

18
Q

What is adaptive radiation?

A

Adaptive radiation is a form of divergent evolution where a number of different species form from a single recent common ancestor.

19
Q

What is the cause of divergent evolution?

A

This is due to experiencing different selective pressures.

20
Q

What is the cause of convergent evolution?

A

This is due to experiencing similar selection pressures.
The species do not share a recent common ancestor.

21
Q

What is a vestigial organ?

A

An organ or structure that is functionless in an organism - remnant feature from an ancestor.

22
Q

Allopatric speciation scaffold

A

Two populations of ______ are geographically isolated by a permanent geographical barrier of _______.
There is no gene flow.
There are different selection pressures acting on each population of ________.
Mutations accumulate over many generations in each population.
Eventually they can no longer interbreed to produce fertile and viable offspring and would be considered 2 separate species.

23
Q

Compare sympatric speciation with allopatric speciation

A

Sympatric speciation occurs in the same geographical area (e.g. Lord Howe Island) whereas allopatric speciation is in different geographical areas (e.g different Galapagos islands).
With sympatric speciation there is reproductive isolation first whereas allopatric speciation there is isolation by a permanent geographical barrier first.

24
Q

State the environmental Conditions for Fossilisation

A

The organism must have a hard body (as the soft tissue usually decomposes)
Hidden from scavengers and left undisturbed for a long time.
There is no oxygen present
Low temperature
High pressure

25
Q

Define half life

A

A half life is the time taken for a radioactive isotope to decay by half e.g. It takes 5730 years for Carbon 14 to decay into nitrogen 14.

26
Q

Describe stratigraphy

A

Stratigraphy is where we compare the position of fossils in rock strata to determine the relative order of age using the principle of superposition. This means that the oldest stratum is assumed to be at the bottom and the layers above become progressively younger /they are laid down in chronological order.