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Year 12 Biology 2023 > 1. Nucleic Acids and Proteins > Flashcards

1. Nucleic Acids and Proteins Flashcards

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1
Q

mRNA - name and function

A

messenger RNA - carries the genetic code from the nucleus to the ribosome

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2
Q

rRNA name and function

A

ribosomal RNA - structural component of ribosomesalong with other proteins

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3
Q

tRNA name and function

A

transfer RNA - brings correct and specific amino acids to the ribosome

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4
Q

An intron is ..

A

Non-coding component of pre-mRNA

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5
Q

An exon is

A

Coding part of mRNA

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6
Q

A Codon is ..

A

Three base sequence on mRNA

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7
Q

An Anticodon is ..

A

Three base sequence on tRNA

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8
Q

The genome is …

A

All the genetic information in an individual or cell

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9
Q

A nucleotide is …

A

Monomers of nucleic acids - contain a phosphate group, pentose sugar and nitrogenous base

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10
Q

Globular proteins are proteins with functional roles closely linked to their 3Dshape. Examples of these are …

A

e.g. enzymes, antibodies, protein hormones like insulin

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11
Q

Fibrous proteins are proteins with structural roles. Examples of these are ..

A

e.g. keratin, collagen, elastin

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12
Q

Quaternary protein structure is …

A

Two or more polypeptides joined together

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13
Q

Tertiary protein structure is ..

A

A 3D structure composed of a folded secondary structure

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14
Q

The secondary structure of a protein is …

A

The folding of the primary structure into alpha helix, beta pleated sheetor randomly folded

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15
Q

Primary structure of a protein is ..

A

Sequence of amino acids

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16
Q

Condensation polymerisation is …

A

Chemical reaction involving the chemical elimination of water during the formation of a polymer

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17
Q

The monomer of a protein is …

A

an amino acid

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18
Q

A polymer is

A

A series of monomers joined together

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19
Q

A monomer is …

A

Single unit from which a polymer is formed

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20
Q

Proteome

A

The entire set of proteins expressed by an organism at a given time

21
Q

A gene is a

A

heredity unit composed of a DNA section. It occupies aspecific location on a chromosome.It determines thecharacteristic of an organism by encoding for theformation of a protein

22
Q

Three base sequence on mRNA is called a

A

Codon ..

23
Q

Three base sequence on tRNA is called a

A

Anticodon

24
Q

Adenine pairs with

A

Thymine

25
Q

Guanine pairs with

A

Cytosine

26
Q

Pyrimidines bases are ..

A

Cytosine and Thymine (CAT) and uracil.

27
Q

Purine bases are …

A

Adeninde and Guanine (Ag Pure silver)

28
Q

DNA stands for

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

29
Q

Define degenerate

A

This means that multiple codons code for the same amino acid.

30
Q

Translation definition

A

Ribosomes read the mRNA code for _____.
tRNA brings the correct and specific amino acid to the ribosome.
tRNA anticodons are complementary and specific to mRNA codons.
Amino acids are joined together by a peptide bond, in a condensation polymerisation reaction, and a ______ polypeptide is formed.

31
Q

Transcription definition

A

DNA unwinds, and RNA polymerase attaches to the promoter region for the _____ gene.
DNA template strand is copied into pre-mRNA via complementary base pairing using RNA polymerase. pre mRNA undergoes RNA processing.
Introns are removed, a 5’ methyl cap and 3’ poly-A tail are added to form mRNA.
mRNA for ______leaves the nucleus and goes to a ribosome.

32
Q

Function of nucleus in the protein production pathway

A

DNA transcribed into mRNA during transcription.

33
Q

Function of ribosome in the protein production pathway

A

Translates the mRNA code for ____ into a polypeptide.

34
Q

Function of rough endoplasmic reticulum in the protein production pathway

A

Folding and transport of ______ polypeptide into transport vesicles.

35
Q

Function of transport vesicles in the protein production pathway

A

Transport _____ proteins from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus.

36
Q

Function of Golgi body in the protein production pathway

A

Final modification and packaging of _____ proteins into secretory vesicles.

37
Q

Function of Secretory vesicles in the protein production pathway

A

Fuse with the plasma membrane allowing _____protein to leave the cell via exocytosis.

38
Q

Outline importance of RNA processing

A

3’ poly A tail is added. This leads to the code being protected from enzyme degradation and allows the mRNA to leave the nucleus. 5’ methyl cap is added. This leads to the code being protected from enzyme degradation and allows the mRNA to attach to a ribosome. Introns are removed. This leads to exons that can then be re-arranged during alternative splicing to form a many protein products from the same gene.

39
Q

Gene regulation is …

A

the cellular control of the amount and timing of appearance of the functional product of a gene.

40
Q

Regulatory genes…

A

control another gene, by coding for a transcription factor like a repressor protein.

41
Q

A structural genes is ….

A

a gene that codes for protein that becomes part of the structure OR FUNCTION of an organism.

42
Q

What is the order of operon components for the trp operon?

A

Trp R Regulatory gene
Empty
Promoter region
Operator region
Leader region
Trp E (Structural genes EDCBA)
Trp D
Trp C
Trp B
Trp A

43
Q

When tryptophan is present the trp operon is …..

A

OFF

44
Q

When tryptophan is present the repressor protein is …

A

Active. It binds to the operator preventing transcription and gene expression.

45
Q

When there is no free Tryptophan in the cell then the repressor protein is …

A

Inactive. It cannot bind to the operator allowing RNA polymerase to trasncribe the genes and for them to be expressed.

46
Q

What do the structural genes in the trp operon code for?

A

Enzymes and enzyme subunits involved in the biosynthesis of the amino acid tryptophan.

47
Q

Define the word universal in relation to the DNA code

A

This means that it results in the same amino acid being translated in all living things e.g. TAC will code for Met in all living things.

48
Q

State the two methods of gene regulation in the Trp operon

A

Repression (by the repressor protein)
Attenuation

Year 12 Biology 2023 (15 decks)

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