8. Changes in genetic makeup

Question 1

An allele is ?

Answer 1

a variation of a gene at a particular gene locus

Question 2

A species is defined as …

Answer 2

A group of organisms that interbreed to produce viable and fertile offspring

Question 3

Phenotype is the ?

Answer 3

physical, behavioural or physiological characteristic of an organism which are a result of the combination of genotype and the environment

Question 4

Allele frequency is ..

Answer 4

The proportion of one allele in a population

Question 5

A point mutation is when ?

Answer 5

one single nucleotide is changed

Question 6

A silent mutation is where the ?

Answer 6

DNA base has changed but this will still code for the same of amino acid because the code is degenerate.

Question 7

A missense mutation is where ?

Answer 7

DNA base has changed and this changes the amino acid coded for. The sequence of amino acids is different and therefore changes the tertiary structure of the protein and it will no longer function correctly.

Question 8

STOP that nonsense

A nonsense mutation is where ?

Answer 8

DNA base has changed and this changes the amino acid coded for as it codes for a stop codon instead. The sequence of amino acids is then shorter and therefore changes the tertiary structure of the protein and it will no longer function correctly.

Question 9

A population is defined as ?

Answer 9

a group of individuals of the same species in the same defined geographical area

Question 10

Evolution is the ?

Answer 10

change in allele frequency over time

Question 11

Gene flow is ?

Answer 11

The movement of individual in and out of of a population changing allele frequency

Question 12

Allopatric speciation is ?

Answer 12

Speciation due to geographical barriers separating a population

Question 13

Genetic drift is the ?

Answer 13

change in allele frequencies in a population by chance

Question 14

Founder effect is when ?

Answer 14

A group of individuals, whose allele frequency unrepresentative of the normal population, breakawayand found a new population

Question 15

Bottleneck effect is ?

Answer 15

A severe reduction in genetic diversity due to a catastrophe that may change allele frequency

Question 16

Extinction is defined as ?

Answer 16

When no member of a particular species exists

Question 17

Selective breeding is ?

Answer 17

Humans choosing which organisms will breed, and pass on their alleles, based on desired traits

Question 18

Define biological fitness

Answer 18

The ability to survive, reproduce and pass on alleles to the next generation

Question 19

Define selective agent/pressure

Answer 19

A factor in an organism’s environment that removes unsuited individuals from a population

Question 20

Using the acronym list the 5 steps of Natural Selection

Answer 20

VA – There is variation in the phenotypes in the xxxxxxx population due to random mutations as they have xxxxxxx
ST – All organisms face a daily struggle to survive and reproduce. Thexxxxxx withxxxxxx struggle because xxxxx this is the selection pressure.
SE – The xxxxx with xxxhave a selective advantage as they xxxxx
IN – The organisms that have a selective advantage (xxxx), survive, reproduce and their offspring inherit the alleles for the trait of XXXXXX
E – Evolution occurs by natural selection and there is a change in allele frequency over time and theXXX population becomes better suited to its environment.

Question 21

Define gene pool

Answer 21

The complete set of alleles present in a population.

Question 22

Aneuploidy is ?

Answer 22

A diploid cell with too many or too few chromosomes compared to their normal diploid number.

Question 23

Polyploidy is ….

Answer 23

A cell with more than one paired set of chromosome

Question 24

The structure for an allopatric speciation question must include

Answer 24

Geographical barrier - no gene flow
Populations have different selection pressures and so allele frequencies change
Overtime the two populations are so different they cannot interbreed to produce viable fertile offspring

Question 25

Genotype is

Answer 25

the allele combination of an individual

Question 26

A Mutation is ..

Answer 26

A change in the allele due to a change in the DNA

Question 27

Describe how we know if two organisms are separate species.

Answer 27

If they can interbreed to produce fertile and viable offpsirng then then are the same species.

Question 28

Define bacterial conjugation

Answer 28

is the process in which bacteria exchange genetic material via direct cell-cell contact

Question 29

Name three factors that contribute to the formation of antiobiotic resistant bacteria

Answer 29

Inappropriate compliance with a treatment plan
Inappropriate use of antibiotics
Widespread use of antibiotics

Question 30

Genetic diversity is

Answer 30

the variation in a genetic makeup or alleles within a population

Question 31

Antigenic drift is

Answer 31

Small and gradual mutations in the genes encoding for viral surface antigens

Question 32

Antigenic shift is

Answer 32

Sudden and significant mutations in the genes encoding for viral surface antigens

Question 33

Give 3 reasons bacteria are more likely to become resistant to antibiotics

Answer 33

Inappropriate compliance with a treatment plan
Inappropriate use of antibiotics
Widespread use of antibiotics

Question 34

Describe the consequence of emmigration

Answer 34

Decrease in genetic diversity. This means that the population will be less likely to survive if the environment changes.

Question 35

Describe the consequence of immigration

Answer 35

Increase in genetic diversity. This means that the population will be more likely to survive if the environment changes.