9 Attachment and self identity Flashcards

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1
Q

What do we mean by ‘mentalising?’

A

Seeing from another persons point of view - a trait which is distinctly human

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2
Q

Why do humans show higher levels of attachment than other species?

A
  • Standing and walking required radical change to the pelvis so human babies are born much earlier
  • they are less developed and can’t move around instantly so rely on their mother for protection, food and warmth.
  • skulls aren’t yet fully formed
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3
Q

What do human babies rely on their mothers for?

A
  • food
  • temp regulation
  • protection from predators
  • learning
  • comfort
  • emotional regulation
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4
Q

Why do human babies have to form particularly close bonds with their mothers and how do they do it?

A
  • because they are unable to cling to their mothers like monkey ancestors so need to come up with a different strategy for keeping mum close
  • form a special bond with a specific person
  • researchers believe that childrens early interactions with their parents shape them and their reactions with others
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5
Q

What was Bowlbys work on?

A

-looked at children that had been evacuated vs those that hadn’t - those that hadn’t did better
looked at 44 juveniles and 44 goodies and found the juveniles had disruptions in relationships with primary caregivers e.g. foster homes

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6
Q

What was the monkey experiment on attachment?

A

-monkeys always prefer the mother that gives them comfort and warmth over just food

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7
Q

What where the stages in Bowlbys attachment theory?

A
  • preattachment phase (0-6weeks)
  • attachment in the making (6 weeks to 6-8months)
  • clear cut attachment (6/8 months - 1/2 years)
  • reciprocal relations (1-2 years)
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8
Q

What age is the preattachment phase?

A

0-6 weeks

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9
Q

What age is the attachment in the making phase?

A

6 weeks - 6/8 months

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10
Q

What age is the clear cut attachment phase?

A

6/8 months -1/2 years

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11
Q

What age is the reciprocal relations phase?

A

1-2 years

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12
Q

What happens in the preattchmnet phase?

A

Infants produce innate signals that bring others to their sides and are comforted by the interaction that follows

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13
Q

What happens in the attachment in the making phase?

A

Infants begin to respond preferentially to familiar people

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14
Q

What is the clear cut attachment phase?

A

Infants actively seek contact with their caregivers and show distress/protest when they leave

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15
Q

What happens in the reciprocal relations phase?

A

Involves children taking an active role in developing working partnerships with the caregivers

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16
Q

What is secure attachment?

A
  • child has a high quality, relatively unambivalent relationship with their caregiver (2/3 of american kiddies)
  • in the strange situation child will be distressed when parent leaves but happy to see them return, they recover quickly from distress
  • more easily comforted by caregiver than stranger
  • use parents as a base for exploration
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17
Q

What is insecure avoidant attachment?

A
  • child seems relatively indifferent to their caregiver and may even avoid them
  • indifferent when caregiver leaves and returns to the room
  • just as easily comforted by strangers as by caregivers
  • emotionally unavailable parent
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18
Q

What is insecure resistant attachment?

A

otherwise known as ambivalent attachment:

  • infants are clingy and stay very close to their caregiver instead of exploring (15% american kiddies)
  • tend to become very upset when the caregiver leaves the room in the strange situation and are not easily comforted by strangers
  • not easily comforted when caregiver returns and both seek comfort and resist efforts by the caregiver to comfort them
  • inconsistent parenting
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19
Q

What is disorganised attachment?

A

Essentially for when infants don’t fit into the other categories..

  • they have no consistent way of dealing with stress in the strange situation and often seem dazed and disorientated
  • most likely abused children
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20
Q

What are the long term effects of attachment?

A

Securely attached children:

  • have more harmonious relationships with peers
  • have better romantic and peer relationships in adolescence
  • achieve higher grades and are more involved in school
21
Q

What does avoidance stem from?

A

deactivation of attachment needs and negative affect

22
Q

What does anxiety stem from?

A

Hyperactivation of attachment needs and negative affect

23
Q

When and how does the childs sense of self develop?

A

Emerges in the early years but continues to develop into adulthood, becoming more complex as childs emotional and cognitive development deepens
-Adults contribute to the sense of self by providing descriptions ‘‘what a pretty little girl’’ etc

24
Q

What age does the slightly more distinct sense of self develop?

A

8 months when children show distress at separation from caregiver

25
Q

What age do children start to pass the mirror recognition test?

A

18-20 months

26
Q

What age do kids pass the shopping cart test?

A

18-20 months

27
Q

At what age do kids recognise their own photograph?

A

30 months

28
Q

When do kids start to get embarrassed?

A

2 years old - shows a more developed sense of self awareness

29
Q

What happens in terms of self to kids around age 3-4

A

-they can understand themselves in terms of concrete observable characteristics related to physical traits and abilities and psychological traits.

30
Q

Where do children refine their conceptions of self?

A

School beacuse of social comparison

31
Q

XX

A

Female

32
Q

XY

A

Male

33
Q

X

A

female with abnormal growth patterns

34
Q

XXX

A

Female, normal phenotype

35
Q

XXY

A

Male but with lower testosterone - often some female characteristics

36
Q

XYY

A

Male - normal phenotype

37
Q

What is gender development?

A

Self-identification with man/boy girl/woman and the behaviours expected to result with this

38
Q

How do infants distinguish male from female in the first year?

A

Gender cues such as hairstyle and voice pitch

39
Q

What age do infants start associating gender roles?

A

latter half of 2nd year

40
Q

When do most children figure out which gender group they belong to?

A

2-3 yrs

41
Q

What is gender segregation?

A

self enforced beahviour by children between the ages of 3-7 where they start spending more time with their same sex peers

42
Q

What does gender development result from?

A

Biological things:
-evolution
-hormones
-sex differences in organisation of the brain
Socialisation perspectives:
-emphasise the influence of societal and cultural norms

43
Q

What are the evolutionary advantages of gender development?

A

Differences in behaviour offer reproductive advantages

-females tendency to build strong social alliances with other females helps with childcare

44
Q

What effect do hormones have on gender development?

A

Different levels/proportions of hormones cause different behaviours

45
Q

What are androgens?

A

Hormones that usually occur in higher levels in boys and are associated with ‘rough and tumble’ play

46
Q

What happens in congenital adrenal hyperplasia?

A

-girls produce more androgens from the adrenal glands and engage in more rough and tumble play and boy like activities

47
Q

What effects does the brain have in gender development?

A
  • boys have more white matter (speed of information transmission) and girls have more grey matter (associated with information processing)
  • girls have more densley structured larger corpus callosum which allows better communication between the hemispheres
  • differences in neuron densities in specific ares e.g. spatial processing and language
48
Q

What are the social impacts on gender development?

A

Parents expectations
-giving boys car toys
-gender essentialist statements
Social learning
-children observe other people and gather information about what is appropriate for their gender
-imitate same sex models more than opposite sex

49
Q

What is a gender essentialist statement?

A

'’Boys don’t cry’’

‘‘girls do ballet’’