10 Emotional and moral develpoment

Question 1

What is a conscience

Answer 1

an internal regulatory mechanism that increases the individuals ability to conform with standards of conduct accepted in his or her own society

Question 2

When does the conscience develop? what does it do?

Answer 2

• slowly over time
• 2 year show guilt when they’ve done something wrong
• improves compliance with adults rules and standards
• reigns in anti social behaviour
• can help the child engage in pro social behaviour because they feel guilty about not helping others

Question 3

Where does a child’s conscience stem from?

Answer 3

primarily reflects the internalised parental standards

Question 4

When are children more likely to adopt their parents moral values?

Answer 4

• When they are given explanations rather than harsh disciplines for wrong doings
• when they are securely attached

Question 5

How do fearful children best learn conscience?

Answer 5

• through gentle discipline and rationalisation from the mother
• when given non material incentives to do things
• if the mother disciplines harshly they will tune out and not take on board what she is saying because they are apprehensive and anxious
• discipline arouses fearful children just enough to make them listen

Question 6

How do fearless children learn best?

Answer 6

• mothers explaining everything to them
• don’t learn from gentle discipline
• aim to please their mothers rather than doing things coz they fear them
• more likely to internalize parental standards when securely attached

Question 7

What has a huge influence on moral development?

Answer 7

Parental-child disciplinary interactions
-early development of a conscience/guilt is indicative of future moral development and can predict whether or not children will engage in hurtful or problematic behaviour in future.

Question 8

What is pro social behaviour

Answer 8

helpful behaviour intended to benefit others

Question 9

Why do children engage in pro social behaviour?

Answer 9

• avoid conflict
• get a reward
• social approval

Question 10

Why do adults want children to engage in pro social behaviour

Answer 10

• altruistic motives
• empathy and sympathy
• later as a desire to act in ways that are consistent with their conscience and moral principles

Question 11

Where does altruistic prosocial behaviour come from?

Answer 11

empathy and sympathy

Question 12

Development of altruistic prosocial behaviour: 1

Answer 12

-infants react to other distress and may not be able to distinguish it from their own

Question 13

Development of altruistic prosocial behaviour: 2

Answer 13

-around age 2 infants react to others distress still in an egocentric way but are able to distinguish it form their own

Question 14

Development of altruistic prosocial behaviour: 3

Answer 14

-2-3 infants prosocial behaviour frequency increases but is still not regular

Question 15

Development of altruistic prosocial behaviour: 4

Answer 15

-pro social behaviours increase into adolescence

Question 16

Individual differences in prosocial behaviour are due to:

Answer 16

genetic and environmental and cultural factors

-children from chile, kenya etc with extended families are often assigned responsibility for young ones early on

Question 17

what are the gentic factors that cause individual differences in prosocial behaviour

Answer 17

• little impact
• identical twins are more similar pro socially than fraternal twins
• may arise indirectly due to temperament (childs ability to control emotions. children who experience emotion without getting over whelmed are more likely to be sympathetic)

Question 18

what are the environmental factors that cause individual differences in prosocial behaviour

Answer 18

• have a big impact
• socialisation in the family
• children are more likely to imitate prosocial behaviour of adults they have a positive relationship with
• opportunities to engage in pro social behaviour
• reasoning in discipline form adults
• exposure to prosocial beliefs and values

Question 19

What kind of parents promote prosocial behaviour and sympathy the best?

Answer 19

• discipline with reasoning, pointing out consequences for others
• parents who are constructive and supportive

Question 20

parents who are constructive and supportive are more likely to have children that are

Answer 20

prosocial and sympathetic

Question 21

How can you promote future willingness to engage in prosocial behaviour?

Answer 21

Provide opportunities for them to engage in prosocial behaviour - e.g chores.

Question 22

What can cause non altruistic behaviour to continue in children?

Answer 22

• punishment (think they must act pro socially to avoid it)

- material rewards (become reluctant to engage in it if there are no rewards)

Question 23

antisocial behaviour is

Answer 23

harmful behaviour with the intention of inflicting negative consequences on another

Question 24

What is the most common form of antisocial behaviour?

Answer 24

Aggression

Question 25

What are the types of aggressive behaviour?

Answer 25

- Hostile - Instrumental - realtional

Question 26

Hostile aggression:

Answer 26

motivated by the desire to injure others in anger or self -protection

Question 27

Instrumental aggression:

Answer 27

motivated by the desire to obtain a concrete goal e.g. gain possession of a peers toy

Question 28

relational aggression:

Answer 28

harming the peer relations of others e.g. excluding them from a group (3-5 yr olds)

Question 29

When do children show physical aggression?

Answer 29

increases from 18 months to 2 years but then starts to decline -however verbal aggression increases as language develops

Question 30

What ages display instrumental aggression?

Answer 30

3-5 years as they learn to share

Question 31

What type of aggression to children show between 3-5 yrs

Answer 31

instrumental and relational

Question 32

What is the main type of aggression shown in children between 18 - 24 months?

Answer 32

physically (hostile..?)

Question 33

how are aggressive children different to no-aggressive children?

Answer 33

- Show differences in social cognition - Tend to interpret behaviours with unknown intentions as having hostile intentions - Seem to expect a positive social reaction to their aggression (e.g. for other kids to leave them alone) - Come up with fewer reactions when imagining reactions to a negative social situation - -expect

Question 34

What are characteristics of children prone to reactional aggression?

Answer 34

- tend to expect positive social consequences to aggressive reactions - tend to evaluate their aggressive responses as appropriate - perceive others motives as hostile - tend to expect aggressive responses to provocation

Question 35

What is reactional aggression?

Answer 35

hostile, emotional aggression caused by provocation

Question 36

What is proactive aggression?

Answer 36

non emotional, with a goal or desire in mind (bullying/intimidation)

Question 37

What are characteristics of children prone to procative aggression?

Answer 37

-tend to expect positive responses to aggressive reactions

Question 38

In most children, between what ages does aggression decline? | if not?

Answer 38

2-8 they probably have issues with aggression sometimes stemming from a neurological deficit such as those underlying hyperactivity or difficulty paying attention

Question 39

Where does aggressive behaviour come from? | what does it mean for the futuuuree?

Answer 39

- early onset indicates family (abuse?) - teen onset (late onset) comes from peer interactions - children identified by peers as aggressive age 8 have higher self reported aggression age 30 and more, more serious criminal convictions.