10 Emotional and moral develpoment Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a conscience

A

an internal regulatory mechanism that increases the individuals ability to conform with standards of conduct accepted in his or her own society

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2
Q

When does the conscience develop? what does it do?

A
  • slowly over time
  • 2 year show guilt when they’ve done something wrong
  • improves compliance with adults rules and standards
  • reigns in anti social behaviour
  • can help the child engage in pro social behaviour because they feel guilty about not helping others
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3
Q

Where does a child’s conscience stem from?

A

primarily reflects the internalised parental standards

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4
Q

When are children more likely to adopt their parents moral values?

A
  • When they are given explanations rather than harsh disciplines for wrong doings
  • when they are securely attached
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5
Q

How do fearful children best learn conscience?

A
  • through gentle discipline and rationalisation from the mother
  • when given non material incentives to do things
  • if the mother disciplines harshly they will tune out and not take on board what she is saying because they are apprehensive and anxious
  • discipline arouses fearful children just enough to make them listen
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6
Q

How do fearless children learn best?

A
  • mothers explaining everything to them
  • don’t learn from gentle discipline
  • aim to please their mothers rather than doing things coz they fear them
  • more likely to internalize parental standards when securely attached
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7
Q

What has a huge influence on moral development?

A

Parental-child disciplinary interactions
-early development of a conscience/guilt is indicative of future moral development and can predict whether or not children will engage in hurtful or problematic behaviour in future.

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8
Q

What is pro social behaviour

A

helpful behaviour intended to benefit others

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9
Q

Why do children engage in pro social behaviour?

A
  • avoid conflict
  • get a reward
  • social approval
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10
Q

Why do adults want children to engage in pro social behaviour

A
  • altruistic motives
  • empathy and sympathy
  • later as a desire to act in ways that are consistent with their conscience and moral principles
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11
Q

Where does altruistic prosocial behaviour come from?

A

empathy and sympathy

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12
Q

Development of altruistic prosocial behaviour: 1

A

-infants react to other distress and may not be able to distinguish it from their own

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13
Q

Development of altruistic prosocial behaviour: 2

A

-around age 2 infants react to others distress still in an egocentric way but are able to distinguish it form their own

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14
Q

Development of altruistic prosocial behaviour: 3

A

-2-3 infants prosocial behaviour frequency increases but is still not regular

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15
Q

Development of altruistic prosocial behaviour: 4

A

-pro social behaviours increase into adolescence

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16
Q

Individual differences in prosocial behaviour are due to:

A

genetic and environmental and cultural factors

-children from chile, kenya etc with extended families are often assigned responsibility for young ones early on

17
Q

what are the gentic factors that cause individual differences in prosocial behaviour

A
  • little impact
  • identical twins are more similar pro socially than fraternal twins
  • may arise indirectly due to temperament (childs ability to control emotions. children who experience emotion without getting over whelmed are more likely to be sympathetic)
18
Q

what are the environmental factors that cause individual differences in prosocial behaviour

A
  • have a big impact
  • socialisation in the family
  • children are more likely to imitate prosocial behaviour of adults they have a positive relationship with
  • opportunities to engage in pro social behaviour
  • reasoning in discipline form adults
  • exposure to prosocial beliefs and values
19
Q

What kind of parents promote prosocial behaviour and sympathy the best?

A
  • discipline with reasoning, pointing out consequences for others
  • parents who are constructive and supportive
20
Q

parents who are constructive and supportive are more likely to have children that are

A

prosocial and sympathetic

21
Q

How can you promote future willingness to engage in prosocial behaviour?

A

Provide opportunities for them to engage in prosocial behaviour - e.g chores.

22
Q

What can cause non altruistic behaviour to continue in children?

A
  • punishment (think they must act pro socially to avoid it)

- material rewards (become reluctant to engage in it if there are no rewards)

23
Q

antisocial behaviour is

A

harmful behaviour with the intention of inflicting negative consequences on another

24
Q

What is the most common form of antisocial behaviour?

A

Aggression

25
Q

What are the types of aggressive behaviour?

A
  • Hostile
  • Instrumental
  • realtional
26
Q

Hostile aggression:

A

motivated by the desire to injure others in anger or self -protection

27
Q

Instrumental aggression:

A

motivated by the desire to obtain a concrete goal e.g. gain possession of a peers toy

28
Q

relational aggression:

A

harming the peer relations of others e.g. excluding them from a group (3-5 yr olds)

29
Q

When do children show physical aggression?

A

increases from 18 months to 2 years but then starts to decline
-however verbal aggression increases as language develops

30
Q

What ages display instrumental aggression?

A

3-5 years as they learn to share

31
Q

What type of aggression to children show between 3-5 yrs

A

instrumental and relational

32
Q

What is the main type of aggression shown in children between 18 - 24 months?

A

physically (hostile..?)

33
Q

how are aggressive children different to no-aggressive children?

A
  • Show differences in social cognition
  • Tend to interpret behaviours with unknown intentions as having hostile intentions
  • Seem to expect a positive social reaction to their aggression (e.g. for other kids to leave them alone)
  • Come up with fewer reactions when imagining reactions to a negative social situation
  • -expect
34
Q

What are characteristics of children prone to reactional aggression?

A
  • tend to expect positive social consequences to aggressive reactions
  • tend to evaluate their aggressive responses as appropriate
  • perceive others motives as hostile
  • tend to expect aggressive responses to provocation
35
Q

What is reactional aggression?

A

hostile, emotional aggression caused by provocation

36
Q

What is proactive aggression?

A

non emotional, with a goal or desire in mind (bullying/intimidation)

37
Q

What are characteristics of children prone to procative aggression?

A

-tend to expect positive responses to aggressive reactions

38
Q

In most children, between what ages does aggression decline?

if not?

A

2-8
they probably have issues with aggression sometimes stemming from a neurological deficit such as those underlying hyperactivity or difficulty paying attention

39
Q

Where does aggressive behaviour come from?

what does it mean for the futuuuree?

A
  • early onset indicates family (abuse?)
  • teen onset (late onset) comes from peer interactions
  • children identified by peers as aggressive age 8 have higher self reported aggression age 30 and more, more serious criminal convictions.