9/8 Intro to metabolism Flashcards
what is the most fundamental activity that the human body must accomplish?
extract energy from the environment and use it in some useful manner.
what is the basic path for catabolism or catabolic metabolism
fuels plus oxygen gives carbon dioxide and water and ATP and heat;
what is the basic pathway for anabolism metabolic pathway
ATP plus small molecules gives complex molecules and ADP and Pi
what is an example of cadtabolic pathway
Glycolosis
what is an example of anabolic pathway
gluconeogenisis
what is the number one use of ATP in the body
the Na/K atpase pump.
what is the basic creation and means of creation of ATP/ADP
add Pi to ADP to make ATP and oxidation of carbohydrates, fats, and detone bodies, proteins, ethanol to make ATP
how do we regenerate ATP in the body?
Oxidation of fuel molecules (food) OXIDIZING CARBON RELEASES ENERGY!
what does it mean to oxidize a molecule?
take a reduced carbon and add an Oxygen bond. Therefore there is a lot of energy in having a reduced (bound to Hydrogen carbon) in the presence of oxygen.
how do we acomplish oxydation
we use a pathway of electron transfer on a number of enzymes to transfer the electron and the bond of an oxygen
how could we analyze a molecule for its calorie content – what clues indicate a higher energy content
Look for a fully reduced molecule, this will be the higher energy molecule. Reduced state is directly releated to energy level. (look for all carbons single bonded to hydrogen and not something else)
what does it mean to be a fat?
Triacyle glycerols: three acyle chains sterified to a glycerol
what is the difference between the biochemical molecule “fat” and adipose tissue?
Triaccylglycerol vs. a cell that is storing tryaccylglycerol
how does the kcal content vary between fat and carbohydrates? and why the difference?
9kcal/g in a fatty acid molecule vs. about 4 kcal/g for a carbohydrates. the fat is more reduced.
how could we guesse the kcal/g energy content of an unknown molecule?
we could compare them to the known 4kcal/g for carbohydrates, and the 9kcal/g for triacylglycerol, and compare the level of oxydation/reduce state of the molecule (that is look at the number of carbon-oxygen bonds vs. just c-h bonds [reduced])
what is the basic chemical process behind all catabolic metabolic processes?
catabolic metabolism involves the oxidation of carbon containing foods to CO2 and H2O
how do the kCal/g relate to the number of C-H bonds?
the more reduced the carbons are, the more energy they have!
what is a resperatory quotent?
the volume of CO2 produced vs. the Volume of Oxygen used. (VCO2/VO2)
what has a higher RQ a fat or a carbohydrate?
the carbohydrate is more oxydized so you don’t use as much oxygen to produce the CO2 by product so the RQ is higher for the carbohydrate
how is the Respiratory Quotent a useful tool?
indicates what micronutrients are being primarily oxidized (the closer to one the more it is carbohydrates)
what is the product of all of the oxidation of macronutrient molecules?
Acetyl CoA
what are the main macronutrients?
Fats; Carbohydrates; Proteins
What happens to Acetyl Coa?
they feed into TCA cycle (Krebbs cycle). and produce ATP, as well as water and CO2.
what is a short term sorce of ATP?
swapping phosphates off of other high energy molecules.
what is an example of ATP production based on existing molecules that are not AMP producing?
for example nucleoside diphosphate kinase ractions: use GTP, UTP, or CTP to make a ATP from a ADP.
how does Adenylate kinase create ATP?
By using two ADP and producing AMP.
what is a biproduct of using Adenylate kinase to make ATP?
Very high levels of AMP! this is a good signal to a cell that the cell needs more ATP.
what will be activated by the high level of AMP in a cell due to a rapid use of ATP connected with the use of adenylate kinase!
AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK) and this stimulates catabolic reactions and inhibits non-esential anabolic reactions, this results in increased ATP.
hhow des AMP get converted back to ATP?
probably sent back through adenylate kinase reaction to make ADP
what is an explanation for the diabetic drug that act to increase ATP
?
What is missing in Duchane muscular dystrophy?
MISING dystrophin in myscle to connect the actin to the sacrolemmal membrane. (muscles will rip themselves apart)
what does elevated creatine knase indicate in the blood?
that there is severe muscle damage (there is an inter-cellular molecule outside of the cell).
why doe people take creatine supplements?
the body can use creatine kinase to take creatine phoshpate and make ATP and Creatine. (transfer a phosphate to ADP)
what happens if you have a missing enzyme resulting in a metabolic block?
A molecule acccumulates and is bad or the molecule becomes something else unusual and it is bad or the normal product is missing and that is bad!
what are the 3 general catagories of things that can go wrong in metabolism?
- substate accumulation; 2. Accumulation of excessive byproduces; 3. Product deficiency.
what is the RQ for just fats, and for just carbs?
fats: 0.7; Carbs is 1
