9/8 Intro to metabolism

Question 1

what is the most fundamental activity that the human body must accomplish?

Answer 1

extract energy from the environment and use it in some useful manner.

Question 2

what is the basic path for catabolism or catabolic metabolism

Answer 2

fuels plus oxygen gives carbon dioxide and water and ATP and heat;

Question 3

what is the basic pathway for anabolism metabolic pathway

Answer 3

ATP plus small molecules gives complex molecules and ADP and Pi

Question 4

what is an example of cadtabolic pathway

Answer 4

Glycolosis

Question 5

what is an example of anabolic pathway

Answer 5

gluconeogenisis

Question 6

what is the number one use of ATP in the body

Answer 6

the Na/K atpase pump.

Question 7

what is the basic creation and means of creation of ATP/ADP

Answer 7

add Pi to ADP to make ATP and oxidation of carbohydrates, fats, and detone bodies, proteins, ethanol to make ATP

Question 8

how do we regenerate ATP in the body?

Answer 8

Oxidation of fuel molecules (food) OXIDIZING CARBON RELEASES ENERGY!

Question 9

what does it mean to oxidize a molecule?

Answer 9

take a reduced carbon and add an Oxygen bond. Therefore there is a lot of energy in having a reduced (bound to Hydrogen carbon) in the presence of oxygen.

Question 10

how do we acomplish oxydation

Answer 10

we use a pathway of electron transfer on a number of enzymes to transfer the electron and the bond of an oxygen

Question 11

how could we analyze a molecule for its calorie content – what clues indicate a higher energy content

Answer 11

Look for a fully reduced molecule, this will be the higher energy molecule. Reduced state is directly releated to energy level. (look for all carbons single bonded to hydrogen and not something else)

Question 12

what does it mean to be a fat?

Answer 12

Triacyle glycerols: three acyle chains sterified to a glycerol

Question 13

what is the difference between the biochemical molecule “fat” and adipose tissue?

Answer 13

Triaccylglycerol vs. a cell that is storing tryaccylglycerol

Question 14

how does the kcal content vary between fat and carbohydrates? and why the difference?

Answer 14

9kcal/g in a fatty acid molecule vs. about 4 kcal/g for a carbohydrates. the fat is more reduced.

Question 15

how could we guesse the kcal/g energy content of an unknown molecule?

Answer 15

we could compare them to the known 4kcal/g for carbohydrates, and the 9kcal/g for triacylglycerol, and compare the level of oxydation/reduce state of the molecule (that is look at the number of carbon-oxygen bonds vs. just c-h bonds [reduced])

Question 16

what is the basic chemical process behind all catabolic metabolic processes?

Answer 16

catabolic metabolism involves the oxidation of carbon containing foods to CO2 and H2O

Question 17

how do the kCal/g relate to the number of C-H bonds?

Answer 17

the more reduced the carbons are, the more energy they have!

Question 18

what is a resperatory quotent?

Answer 18

the volume of CO2 produced vs. the Volume of Oxygen used. (VCO2/VO2)

Question 19

what has a higher RQ a fat or a carbohydrate?

Answer 19

the carbohydrate is more oxydized so you don’t use as much oxygen to produce the CO2 by product so the RQ is higher for the carbohydrate

Question 20

how is the Respiratory Quotent a useful tool?

Answer 20

indicates what micronutrients are being primarily oxidized (the closer to one the more it is carbohydrates)

Question 21

what is the product of all of the oxidation of macronutrient molecules?

Answer 21

Acetyl CoA

Question 22

what are the main macronutrients?

Answer 22

Fats; Carbohydrates; Proteins

Question 23

What happens to Acetyl Coa?

Answer 23

they feed into TCA cycle (Krebbs cycle). and produce ATP, as well as water and CO2.

Question 24

what is a short term sorce of ATP?

Answer 24

swapping phosphates off of other high energy molecules.

Question 25

what is an example of ATP production based on existing molecules that are not AMP producing?

Answer 25

for example nucleoside diphosphate kinase ractions: use GTP, UTP, or CTP to make a ATP from a ADP.

Question 26

how does Adenylate kinase create ATP?

Answer 26

By using two ADP and producing AMP.

Question 27

what is a biproduct of using Adenylate kinase to make ATP?

Answer 27

Very high levels of AMP! this is a good signal to a cell that the cell needs more ATP.

Question 28

what will be activated by the high level of AMP in a cell due to a rapid use of ATP connected with the use of adenylate kinase!

Answer 28

AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK) and this stimulates catabolic reactions and inhibits non-esential anabolic reactions, this results in increased ATP.

Question 29

hhow des AMP get converted back to ATP?

Answer 29

probably sent back through adenylate kinase reaction to make ADP

Question 30

what is an explanation for the diabetic drug that act to increase ATP

Answer 30

?

Question 31

What is missing in Duchane muscular dystrophy?

Answer 31

MISING dystrophin in myscle to connect the actin to the sacrolemmal membrane. (muscles will rip themselves apart)

Question 32

what does elevated creatine knase indicate in the blood?

Answer 32

that there is severe muscle damage (there is an inter-cellular molecule outside of the cell).

Question 33

why doe people take creatine supplements?

Answer 33

the body can use creatine kinase to take creatine phoshpate and make ATP and Creatine. (transfer a phosphate to ADP)

Question 34

what happens if you have a missing enzyme resulting in a metabolic block?

Answer 34

A molecule acccumulates and is bad or the molecule becomes something else unusual and it is bad or the normal product is missing and that is bad!

Question 35

what are the 3 general catagories of things that can go wrong in metabolism?

Answer 35

1. substate accumulation; 2. Accumulation of excessive byproduces; 3. Product deficiency.

Question 36

what is the RQ for just fats, and for just carbs?

Answer 36

fats: 0.7; Carbs is 1