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FOM Quiz 2 > 9 10 Hematopoiesis-Table 1 > Flashcards

9 10 Hematopoiesis-Table 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is hematopoiesis

A

how we make blood cells

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2
Q

what are the cells that we must identify?

A

Granulocytes, platelets, and RBCs

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3
Q

what are the two possibly daughter cells for a stem cell?

A

divide to make another stem cell, or to make a progenitor cell, and colony stimulating factors will probably lead to division and make non-stem cell daughters.

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4
Q

what kind of factor will lead to differntiaton of blood cells

A

cytokinses and colony stimulating factors

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5
Q

HSC

A

hematopoitic stem cell: makes all of the blood cells

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6
Q

H-PSC

A

hematopoietic pluripotential Stem Cell: makes all the cells of blood (same as HSC)

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7
Q

CFU-S

A

colocy forming unit-spleen (old term for HSC)

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8
Q

GEMM,

A

common myeloid progenitor: gives rise to granulocytes, erythrocytes, monocytes and megakaryocytes

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9
Q

lymphoid stem cell, common lymphoid progenitor:

A

gives rise to B and T lymphocutes

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10
Q

BFU-E

A

burst forming Unit-erythrocyte give rise to CFU-E

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11
Q

CFU-E

A

colony forming Unit Erythrocytes gives rise to the development of red blood cells.

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12
Q

CSF

A

colony stimulating factor (cytokine)

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13
Q

cytokines

A

diverse set of protein hormones, generally involved in immune system activities and hematopoiesis.

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14
Q

A HSC recieves a signal from CSF, what are the possible progenitors?

A

A common lymphoid progenitor or a common myeloid progenitor (these are the multipoint progenitors.)

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15
Q

Once the multipotnet progenitors (common lymphoid progenitor and common myeloid progenitor) are formed from the HSC recieving a CSF, what are the possible fates of the cells?

A

The Common lymphoid progenitor becomes Antibiodies B and T cells. Mean while The Common myeloid progenitor can become a CFU of multipotent progenitors of two types (either the GM series for neutrophils and monocytes, or the b/MG/E series for basophil, platelets, and erythrocytes) (or skip right to the committed precursors for ewosiniphil development!) the multipotent progenitors then become committed precursors of neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, basophil, platelets, or erythrocytes; which become blast cells for these different types of cells, and then form the cells.

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16
Q

CFU-S

A

these can lead to a differentiation of blood cells in little colonies of blood cell produciton in the spleen (as seen in mouse models), leading to the issolation of hemopoetic stem cells

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17
Q

describe the visual manifestation of blood cell genisis

A

blood production comes in little colonies of progenitor cells giving rise to committed cells that give rise to the blasts and the cells themselves. These will then be in segmented areas of the bone marrow.

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18
Q

where are blood cells made?

A

all the mature blood cells, except the Tlymphocutes are made in bone marrow

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19
Q

why is it difficult to locate the HSC in under the microscope?

A

stem cells look like lymphocytes

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20
Q

why is it difficult to tell where the specific colonies of cell types are based on the immature cells?

A

eirliest commited cells are called blast cells and all look the same

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21
Q

How can we read a bone marrow smear under the microscope

A

look for things taht can be identified and then work out from their to find things, since most of the non-differentiated cells look the same.

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22
Q

what are the most distinctive cells when looking at a bone marrow smear

A

RBC and Granulocytes; and megakaryocytesf and plasma cells.

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23
Q

what are the huge cells in the marrow?

A

megakaryocytes

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24
Q

what is the tri lineage of hematopoiesis?

A

RBCs, granulocytes, platelets; these are the normal and easily identified cells in the marrow.

25
Q

what happens to the cell as we develop blood cells?

A

the cells get smaller and the nucleus gets smaller faster than that.

26
Q

what happens to the nucleus

A

the nucleoli will disappear; the chromatin gets clumpy, heterochromatin up; and euchromatin down; shape changes, (this is a good indication of the lineage and the stage.)

27
Q

what happens to the cytoplasm of a cell as we progress to blood cells

A

the non-specific contents, RNA, decrease; Specific contents: Hb or granules, increase, and in general basophilic staining decreases.

28
Q

Describe the Erythrocyte developmental series

A

A BFU-E (the committed precursor) is stimulated by EPO and forms the CFU-E which gives rise to Pro-erythroblasts outside of the bone marrow. These develop into basophilic erythroblasts, and then polychromatophilic erythroblast. Then the cells produce orthochromatophilic erythroblasts that stop dividing, and expel the nucleus and give rise to reticulocytes and finally these mature to RBC!

29
Q

which cells in the erythrocyte developlmental series are mitotic?

A

the BFU-E (and all previous cell types), CFU-E; and outside the marrow, the proerythroblasts, basophilic erythroblasts, and the polychmotophilic erythroblasts are all mitotic. after that they aren’t

30
Q

how can you tell the difference between reticulocytes and RBC?

A

the reticulocytes are a little bigger

31
Q

what cells of the erythrocyte developmental series are normal seen in the blood?

A

the retiuclocytes and the RBCs

32
Q

what are the names of the cells derived from the CFU-E before they become maure RBCs (three names)

A

normoblasts, erythroblasts, rubroblasts

33
Q

how long does it take to develop from the CFU, through the ‘blast’ cells to a RBC?

A

about 7-10 days to maturation of cells development

34
Q

how common are reticulocytes, and what is their lifetime?

A

reticulocytes are normally about 1% of RBCs, last about 1 day in the blood and then mature into RBCs

35
Q

what is the life span of a RBC?

A

RBCs last about 120 days before being removed.

36
Q

what is erythropoietin?

A

(EPO) this stimulates the production of red blood cells by acting on the colony of red blood cells.

37
Q

what do proerythroblasts have/ look like

A

they are larger, have a large nucleus, bluish cytoplasm, and have nucleoi,

38
Q

How do you identify basophilic erythroblasts?

A

they are large, whith a bluish cytoplasm, densee nuceious and no proerythroblasts. generaly a darker staining (as the name would imply)

39
Q

how to identify polychromatophilic erythroblasts?

A

they have a smaller nucleus a larger more purple cytoplam, a compacted poly-chromotin.

40
Q

how to identify orthochromatophilic erythroblasts?

A

they have a small very darkly stained nucleus, and a large light colored cytoplasm,.

41
Q

how to identify reticulocytes?

A

they are a little larger than RBC, and they have no nucleus.

42
Q

how can you unequivocally identify a reticulocyte?

A

by using a basic dye like methylene blue which will precipate RNA and ribosomes. These are still present in reticulocytes, but not present in mature RBCs.

43
Q

what if you looked at a patient that had a lot of blood loss two weeks after the loss? what whould be different in the blood?

A

lots of reticulocytes.

44
Q

describe granulocyte developmental series

A

start with CFU-GM, transition out of the marrow and make myelooblast with a very round, large nucleus with distinct nucleolus; then make a promyelocyte (with an oval nucleus, very big cells, and dark granules and a nuclear hoff (light spot). the promyelocyte can then become a myelocyte in the form of either a Basophil, Eosinophil, or neutrophil. these then transition in to the non-metotic forms and become metamyelocytes, band form, and finally the mature basophils, eosinophils, or PMNs.

45
Q

how long does the granulocyte developmental series take?

A

7-11 days.

46
Q

what distinguishes the meta-myelocyte to band form stage of the development of granulocytes?

A

the development of a cleft in the nucleus that then becomes a thin ‘C’ shaped nucleus.

47
Q

what is a left shift in the blood?

A

this is an increase in the presence of band form of the cells, that is the immature forms of the cell are much more prevelent.

48
Q

what is endomitosis

A

DNA replicadtion without nuclear division

49
Q

how are platelets formed?

A

from megakaryocytes, that send out little processes into the vessels and pinch off little platelets.

50
Q

how do we get rapid activation of PMN

A

have a marginated pool of cells stuck on the walls of vessels

51
Q

what happens if you get no folate or B12

A

you have continues production of proteins but reduced production of DNA, the cells get bigger and don’t divide, and in the case of red cells they can become abnormal and you get anemic becasue you don’t produce enough over all

52
Q

what happens to PMNs under B12 or folate problems

A

they become hypersegmented! so if you have anemea and hypersegmented nucleus in PMN then B12/folate difficient

53
Q

what is caused by a lack of DNA production due to lack of folate/B12?

A

Macrocytic Anemia

54
Q

what is red vs. yellow bone marrow?

A

red is active and yellow is inactive and fatty.

55
Q

where is a common site of Red marrow

A

the pelvis

56
Q

what is the hematopoietic tissue between sinuses in marrow?

A

cords

57
Q

what are the large irregularly shaped low density areas in marrow?

A

the sinus, which are venous sinuses or sinusoids.

58
Q

what forms the meshwork to support cords in the marrow (they become fatty in yellow marrow).

A

Adventitial reticular cells

59
Q

what is the general organization of marrow

A

sinus surrounded by adventitial reticular cells supporting cords that are grouped by lineage. The red blood cells tend to be near sinuses.

FOM Quiz 2 (18 decks)

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