9/3 Anatomy

Question 1

what is S1

Answer 1

it is the Lub that is the AV valves closing this is the systolic

Question 2

what is S2

Answer 2

it is the Dub, it is the semi lunar valves close this is the diastolic

Question 3

what is systolic murmurs

Answer 3

a murmer after S1

Question 4

what is dastolic mermers

Answer 4

a murmer after S2

Question 5

what are two common causes of murmers

Answer 5

valve stenosis which makes a narrower valve and a turbulent flow and a sound when the valve is supposed to be open. valve incompetence that leads to regurgitation, turbulent flow and a sound when the valve is supposed to be closed

Question 6

how could I know if a murmer is systolic or diastolic murmer. if the

Answer 6

after S1 sound it is a systolic and after S2 it is a diastolic murmer. Or if the murmer happens during the ventricle contraction or the atrium contraction.

Question 7

what would a stenotic valve cause

Answer 7

a murmer when the valve is supposed to be open. (like the squirting sound when you put your thumb on a hose)

Question 8

what would an incompetent valve cause?

Answer 8

it would cause a murmur when the valve is suppose to be closed where some blood is leaking back through (like a leaky hose).

Question 9

what is an incompetent valve and what does it lead to?

Answer 9

a valve that doesn’t close well enough to prevent back flow. It leads to a murmur when blood flows turbulently back through the valve.

Question 10

how can I find the sternal angle

Answer 10

find the jugular notch and then follow the sternum down a few inches to the 2nd rib position

Question 11

where does rib two connect?

Answer 11

at the Sternal angle

Question 12

where do you put stethaschope for the valves of the heart?

Answer 12

Pulmonary valve: the second IC space on the left. Tricuspid valve: fifth IC space near the sternum on the left. Bicuspid valve: left 5th IC space farther to the left lateral Aortic valve: the right second IC space near the sturnum.

Question 13

where should I listen to S2 and S1

Answer 13

S2: near the sternal angle (just below it). S1: Fifth IC space on the left a little away form the sternum

Question 14

what is the notch at the top of the sturnum

Answer 14

jugular notch

Question 15

how would blood get from the right lateral ribs to the heart

Answer 15

blood could go through the skin (and through the capillary through the anterior seratious, the exterior, interior etc.) to the intercostal vein and then either back to the azygotic vein and then to the IVC, or to the front and down the internal thorasic in the front and eventrually to the IVC.

Question 16

how many muscle layers are derived from the hypaxial group of the somites in an embrio?

Answer 16

6 layers!

Question 17

What are the 6 hypaxial muscle layers from the exterior to the interior?

Answer 17

Supracostal; External layer; intermediate layer; internal layer; subvertebral layer (below the vertebra); ventral strap at the most ventral postition.

Question 18

what are the names of the muscles int he thorasic that correspond to the six layers of hypaxial muscle in the somite

Answer 18

Supracostal: serratus anterior/Pectoralis minor (romboieds and levator scapula). External: external intercostal. Intermediate: internal intercostal. Internal layer: Innnermost intercostal, subcostal, transv. thoracic. Subvertebral layer: Longus colli; Ventral strap: Sternalis.

Question 19

what nerves inervate the pec major

Answer 19

lateral and meadial thorasic nerve

Question 20

Name the thorasic wall muscles from the out side in

Answer 20

pectoral major, pectoral minor, serratus anterior, external intercostal, internal intercostal, innermost intercostal, subcostal, transverse thorasic.

Question 21

how would loss of the ventral ramus in the thorasic region affect innervation?

Answer 21

the ventral ramus provides inervation to the costal muscles through the intercostal nerves. You would lose cutanious sensation and motor innervation.

Question 22

between what two layers of muscle do the intercostal vein/artery/nerve course

Answer 22

between the internal and the innermost intercostals.

Question 23

where is intercostal space 1?

Answer 23

below the first rib!

Question 24

what surrounds the lungs?

Answer 24

Pleura membranes: the parietal pleural near the ribs and the visceral pleural around and adhering to the lungs.

Question 25

what is the order of the vein/artery/and nerve in the intercostal space?

Answer 25

Vien on top, then the Artery, then the nerve: think “VAN”

Question 26

where is the VAN? in the thorax

Answer 26

the viens, arrtery, and nerve course between the internal and innermost muscles in the costal groove in the bottom of the rib

Question 27

what is the purpose of the intercostal veins?

Answer 27

to drain tissue from the IC space and overlying skin.

Question 28

where would blood go if it drained to the back of the intercostal veins

Answer 28

to the Azyos system of veins: over the right primary bronchous and into the superior vena cava.

Question 29

what is on the left and right of the azygos system of veins and where do they drain.

Answer 29

on the rignt is ths azygos vein. on the left is the hemazygos vein and the accessory hemazygos vein up above the hemazygos vein. The hemi and the accessory both drain to the azygos.

Question 30

where would blood go if it drainde to the fron of the intercostal veins

Answer 30

to the internal thoracic veins on the left and right and then to the brachial sophalic vien then the superior vena cava.

Question 31

what is an anastomoses

Answer 31

a cross connection between adjoining vessels.

Question 32

how does blood get to the intercostal arteries?

Answer 32

the posterior intercostal arteries come off of the aorta segmentally. the anterior intercostal arteries come off of the internal thoracic arteries on the left and right of the sternum.

Question 33

what is the purpose of the intercostal arteries

Answer 33

seggmentally subly the intercostal muscles and the skin over them

Question 34

what is the purpose of the intercostal nerves?

Answer 34

to segmentally supply motor control to the intercostal muscles; innervation to the IC mm and sensory innervation to underlying parietal pleura and overylying skin (T1-T12 dermatomes.

Question 35

where does the V. Ramus course? and what is it called as it does?

Answer 35

between the internal and innermost intercostal muscles. it is then called the IC Nerve

Question 36

what would happen if the lost the branches off of the IC nerve?

Answer 36

lose motor control of the IC muscles.

Question 37

how do we innervate sensation of the skin in the thorax area

Answer 37

the lateral cutaneous nerve comes off of the IC nerve and the anterior cutanious nerve comes off of the IC nerve in teh front and courses just under the skin.

Question 38

how do we innervate sensation of the parietal pleura on the outside of the lungs?

Answer 38

it recieves innervation just like the skin from the IC nerve.