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Unit 1 > 9/23a Pulmonary Physiology I (Biomedical Sciences) > Flashcards

9/23a Pulmonary Physiology I (Biomedical Sciences) Flashcards

· Describe the basic anatomy of the key components of the pulmonary system · Describe the physiological mechanisms underlying ventilation · Describe the physical factors that contribute to impairments in ventilation · Describe the defense mechanisms of the pulmonary system · Describe the physiological mechanisms involved in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the environment and arterial blood

1
Q

Functions of the pulmonary system

A
  1. Main function: gas exchange of O2 and CO2 between cells and the environment; adapt to changing demands; pulmonary processes
  2. Speech
  3. Metabolic Functions - blood reservoir
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2
Q

Anatomical components of gas exchange

A
  1. Pump - thoracic cavity/wall is the home of the pump. The motion and changes in volume drive ventilation
  2. Airways - conduction and respiratory zones
  3. Control System - sensors, processors, effectors
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3
Q

the importance of the pump

A
  1. the motion and changes in volume of the thoracic cavity drive ventilation.
  2. the volume changes drive pressure gradients
  3. the movement is driven by muscle
    - Inspiration (primary, secondary/accessory)
    - Expiration (passive)
  4. Lung
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4
Q

primary muscles of inspiration

A
  1. diaphragm completes 2/3 of vital capacity

2. intercostal muscles are important to stabilize the thoracic cavity

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5
Q

secondary/accessory muscles of inspiration

A
  1. sternocleidomastoid

2. scalenes

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6
Q

muscles of expiration

A
  1. usually passive, diaphragm relaxes

2. force exhalation is helped by the abs contracting and pushing the diaphragm superiorly

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7
Q

Anatomy of the lungs

A

lobes of the lung are split by fissures

  1. right lung: 3 lobes
    - superior
    - middle
    - inferior
  2. left lung: 2 lobes
    - superior
    - inferior
  3. pleura
    - visceral lines surface of the lung
    - parietal lines inside
    - intrapleural space is in between the two above filled with fluid that acts as a lubricant as the thoracic wall moves over the surface of the lung
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8
Q

two components of the airways

A
  1. conduction zone: bulk air flow to the site of gas exchange
  2. respiratory zone: diffusion/gas exchange
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9
Q

conduction zone

A

bulk air flow to the site of gas exchange

  1. no gas exchange, so often called anatomical dead space
  2. diameter is regulated by ANS (opposite of vasculature); want airways to open up and decrease resistance from airflow when symp NS hits
    - beta2 receptors excited by NE > dilation via sympathetic
    - muscarinic receptors excited by Ach > constriction via parasympathetic
  3. large areas (like trachea and bronchi) are supported by cartilage rings that help keep airways open and prevent collapse
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10
Q

Respiratory zone

A

diffusion/gas exchange

  1. alveoli are where gas exchange takes place (50-100m^2 of surface area, but the volume itself is really SMALL, membrane is really thin, surrounder by pulmonary capillaries)
    - Pulmonary capillaries vasoconstrict in response to hypoxia (low oxygen in lungs) to direct blood away from that region and match delivery of blood via perfusion
  2. Acinus - respiratory bronchiole with corresponding ducts and sacs
  3. Bronchioles and Ducts - no supported by cartilage rings, but they are embedded in the parenchyma
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11
Q

sensors of the respiratory system

A

part of the control system

  • mechanoreceptors in the airways
  • chemoreceptors in aortic and carotid arteries sense pO2, pCO2, and pH
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12
Q

processors of the respiratory system

A

medulla and pons cause a change through effectors

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13
Q

effectors of the respiratory system

A

signal that indicates ventilation needs to increase, it sends increase activity to the nerves and muscles of ventilation and potentially the smooth muscle for bronchodilation

  • muscles of ventilation
  • smooth muscle in airways
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14
Q

what is an example of the pulmonary system adapting to changing demands?

A

during rest, VO2 is 250 ml/min and minute ventilation is 5 L/min
during exercise, VO2 is 5000 ml/min and minute ventilation is 100 L/min

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15
Q

what are the main pulmonary processes?

A
  • ventilation
  • gas exchange
  • gas transport to tissues
  • ventilation-perfusion matching
  • defense systems
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16
Q

how are lung volumes and capacities measured?

A

spirometry

17
Q

What are the different lung volumes and capacities

A
  1. TV = tidal volume
  2. IC = inspiratory capacity
  3. VC = vital capacity
  4. I/ERV = Inspiratory/Expiratory Reserve Volume
  5. FRC = Functional Residual capcacity
  6. RV = Residual Volume
  7. TLC = Total Lung Capacity
18
Q

Tidal Volume

A

volume of normal breathing = 0.5 L and it is measured pretty easily.
Normal volume of air displaced between normal inhalation and exhalation when extra effort is NOT applied
6-8 mL/kg Ideal Body Weight

19
Q

Inspiratory Capacity

A

the volume of air that can be inspired following a normal, quiet expiration
IC = TV + IRV

20
Q

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

A

the additional/maximal amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal inspiration (tidal volume)

21
Q

Vital Capacity

A

the greatest amount of air that can be expelled from the lungs after taking the deepest possible breath
VC = ERV + RV + FRC

22
Q

Expiratory Reserve Volume

A

the additional amount of air that can be expired from the lungs by determined effort after normal expiration

23
Q

Residual volume

A

not measured easily

amount of air that remains in a persons lungs after full exhaling

24
Q

Functional Residual Capacity

A

volume of air in the lungs at the bottom of a normal exhalation (no motion of the system, resting point of lung + thorax)

elastic recoil pressure of the lung inward equals the elastic recoil pressure of the chest wall outward, alveolar and mouth pressure are both ZERO and there is no airflow

25
Q

are the capacities normally sums of multiple compartments?

A

yes

26
Q

How does air get into the lungs?

A
  • Ventilation = bulk flow of air into and out of the lungs
  • Air flows from high pressure to low pressure
  • Pin = Alveolar Pressure; Pout = Barometric Pressure
  • —-to get air to flow inward, Pin < Pout and it is expelled until pressure is equalized
27
Q

how does air get out of the lungs

A

Pin > Pout –> volume decreases

-Mechanical ventilation is a form of positive pressure ventilation, use a pump to decrease the outside pressure

28
Q

Properties of the thorax

A

Passive

  1. volume is large at equilibrium, Pin = Pout, expanding forces = collapsing forces
  2. Outside forces can cause the thorax to collapse or expand
  3. once outside force stops acting, thorax will return to equilibrium
    - Collapsing > Expanding = crushed tennis ball half
    - Expanding > Collapsing = expanded tennis ball half
29
Q

Properties of the lungs

A

BALLOON
1. volume can’t be eliminated, but it can be decreased close to 0
2. Outside forces cause the lung to expand and as soon as it stops acting, lung collapses back to equilibrium
3. Lungs have compliance (slinky)
(change in Volume/ change in Pressure)

30
Q

High compliance vs low compliance

A

Very compliant = very stretchy, and as volume of lung decreases (slinky at full length)
low compliance = less stretchy, more stiff, and as volume of lung increases (slinky being pulled at last two rings)

31
Q

Do muscles have to work more to stretch when the lung is at a large volume or a small volume?

A

LARGE volume

32
Q

Properties of the lungs and thorax

A

Passive!

  1. pleura membrane covers/lines the inside of the pleural cavity and the outside of the lungs
  2. in between pleural membrane there is a fluid that acts as a cohesive force and allows the lung to be attached to the chest wall (microscope slide comparison)
    - thorax wants to expand at equilibrium
    - lung wants to collapse at equilibrium
    - together, lung expands from thorax and chest wall gets to collapse from their own equilibriums to a new equilibrium (tugging force - pulling apart (-) force)
33
Q

what pressure keeps the alveoli open?

A

Pip = Intrapleural pressure (-5 at equilibrium) is what holds the alveoli open

34
Q

total lung capacity

A

the larges volume the lungs can attain

35
Q

Process of ventilation

A
  1. Intrapleural lung pressure = -5cm/water at rest, lung pressure at rest = 0, the difference between Palveoli and Pintrapleaural space = +5cm/water
  2. Begin inhalation/tidal volume, alveoli get pulled open, volume increases in thoracic cage and causes alveoli to expand, decreases pressure and air flows in
  3. Air continues to flow in until Palveoli = Pout
  4. Now, pressure increases inside the lungs as we start to exhale
  5. Air continues to flow out until Palveoli = Pout

Unit 1 (28 decks)

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