9/23 Flashcards

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1
Q

Hydronium

A

H3O(+)

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2
Q

Hydroxide

A

OH(-)

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3
Q

Equilibrium

A

Forwards and reverse reaction are occurring at the same rate (but not necessarily the same amounts)

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4
Q

pH

A

The concentration of hydronium ions

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5
Q

Superposable

A

When you superimpose one thing on another and it is exactly the same

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6
Q

Chiral

A

Superimpose mirror images on each other and they are not the same

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7
Q

Isomer

A

Same molecular formula but different arrangement of atoms

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8
Q

What are the 2 major types of Isomers?

A
  • constituational: same molecular formula but different connectivity
  • stereoisomer: same connectivity but different arrangement of atoms in space
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9
Q

Stereoisomers

A
  • enantiomer: mirror images of each other

- diastereomers: not mirror images of each other

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10
Q

Biological importance of Chirality

A

The binding specificity of a chiral receptor site for a chiral molecule is usually favorable in one way

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11
Q

Potential energy

A

Stored energy

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12
Q

Kinetic energy

A

Energy of motion

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13
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Organic catalysts- reduces activation energy and can be used over and over again

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14
Q

Activation energy

A

Energy needed to start the reaction

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15
Q

Models of enzymes

A

Lock and Key model: the shape of the enzyme never changes and enzyme can only work on one substrate

Induced fit model: the substrate induces enzyme to change shape and upon release the enzyme returns to its original shape

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16
Q

Active site

A

Where enzyme and substrate meet

17
Q

Substrate

A

What the enzyme is working on

18
Q

Enzyme substrate complex

A

When the enzyme and substrate are together

19
Q

Spontaneous reaction

A

The amount of energy in products is lower than the amount of energy in reactants (released energy= exergonic reaction)

20
Q

Gibbs Free E

A

Energy that can be used to do work (products-reactants) normally a negative #

21
Q

Non spontaneous reaction

A

Energy of products is greater than the energy of the reactants (Gibbs free E = positive #)

22
Q

Endergonic reaction

A

Not spontaneous, needs to be couples with exergonic reaction (energy released from exergonic reaction needs to be greater than energy required for an endergonic reaction)

23
Q

ATP

A

Molecule that carries energy

24
Q

Coupling

A

Energy from an exergonic reaction is used to help an endergonic reaction occur —> entropy is always increasing

25
Q

Is there a difference in free E between catalyzed and uncatalyzed reactions?

A

No! Net energy is always the same, activation energy may be different however

26
Q

Transition state

A

State in which substrate has the highest potential E

27
Q

Mechanisms

A
  • bring substrates into close proximity
  • orient substrates into proper direction
  • provide suitable environment needed (works better in acidic/basic environment)
28
Q

Cofactors

A

Minerals, binds to enzyme and helps configure enzyme into correct shape

29
Q

Coenzymes

A

Vitamins

30
Q

Competitive inhibition

A

Competes for active site, if inhibitor binds, then substrate cannot bind

31
Q

Non competitive inhibition

A

Inhibitor that binds to a site other than the active site (allosteric site)–> changes shape of enzyme —> enzyme is ineffective
-the substrate can still enter the active site but nothing will happen

32
Q

Allosteric activation

A

Changing enzyme from inactive to active state

33
Q

Allosteric inhibition

A

Changing enzyme from active to inactive state

34
Q

Suffix of Enzymes

A

-ase, like peroxidase or sucrase