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Neurobiology 1 > 9-2 > Flashcards

9-2 Flashcards

1
Q

How many semicircular canals

A

3

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2
Q

Names of each semicircular canal

A
  1. Superior/anterior
  2. Lateral/horizontal
  3. Posterior
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3
Q

Superior/anterior plane

A

Sagittal

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4
Q

Superior/anterior movement

A

Nodding your head

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5
Q

Lateral/horizontal plane

A

Transverse plane

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6
Q

Lateral/horizontal movement

A

Checking both sides of traffic

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7
Q

Posterior plane

A

Coronal

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8
Q

Posterior movement

A

Head touch either shoulder, cartwheel

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9
Q

What do the semicircuclar canals detect

A

Head rotation

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10
Q

Where does head rotation arise from

A

Self-induced head rotation or angular accelerations imparted by external forces (such as merry go round)

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11
Q

What is the ampulla filled with

A

endolymph

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12
Q

Gelatinous mass that bridges the canal of the ampulla

A

Cupula

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13
Q

The cuplua blocks ____

A

flow of endolymph

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14
Q

In the cupula, all stereocilia are orientated in the same/different direction

A

Same

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15
Q

Is there striola in the ampulla

A

No

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16
Q

What contains hair cells in the ampulla

A

Crista (epithelium)

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17
Q

The cupula extends from ___ to ___

A

crista

top of ampulla

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18
Q

Hair cells in the ____, stereocilia in the _____

A

Crista

Cupula

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19
Q

Endolymph moves in the same/opposite direction of acceleration

A

Opposite

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20
Q

What happens when the endolymph flows in the opoosite direction of head rotation

A

Stereocilia move towards kinocilia (depolarize)

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21
Q

Movements in relation to head movement for:

  1. SCC depolarization
  2. Eye movement
  3. Endolymph movement
A
  1. Same direction
  2. Opposite direction
  3. Opposite direction
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22
Q

AP at constant velocity

A

Slightly higher than basal level discharge

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23
Q

Major classes of vestibular relfexes

A
  1. Vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR)
  2. vestibulocervical reflex (VCR)
  3. vestibulospinal reflex (VSR)
24
Q

VOR

A

Produces eye movement that counters head movement

25
Q

VCR

A

Produces postural adjustment of the head

26
Q

VSR

A

Produces postural adjustment of the body

27
Q

Bilateral loss of VOR leads to ____

A

oscillopsia (bouncing vision - eyes move along with the head)

28
Q

Most of the time, oscillopsia is due to

A

Unavailability of vestibular information to the occulomotor nucelus (ex: stroke in this region)

29
Q

Intact ___ is essential for VOR

A

brainstem

30
Q

Where does most damage in the brainstem happen

A

Medial longitudinal pascilculus

31
Q

Why does the eye move with the head in oscillopsia

A

All connections are lost

32
Q

What is not working in oscillopsia

A

Brainstem

33
Q

What is not working in supernuclear gaze palsy

A

Cebrebral cortex

34
Q

Presentation of supernuclear gaze palsy

A

Will still have VOR but cannot voluntarily rotate eyeballs

35
Q

Alexander’s law

A

Refers to spontaneous nystagmus that occurs after an acute unilateral vestibular loss

36
Q

Test of vestibular function

A

Caloric testing

37
Q

Vestibular problems can arise in:

A
  1. Semicircular canal

2. Nerve tracts

38
Q

Warm water irrigation effect

A
  • Endolymph moves (mimics head turning)

- Increases firing rate

39
Q

Cold water irrigation effect

A
  • Decreases endolymph movement

- Decreases firing rate

40
Q

Fast eye movement

A

Saccades

41
Q

Slow eye movement

A

Physiological nystagmus

42
Q

What happens when the eye moves all the way to one side

A

We need to make a fast correction to bring it back to the other side

43
Q

Baseline firing on one side and no firing on the other side

A

There is a difference, so the eye will spontaneously move and correct back again (leads to vertigo)

44
Q

Vertigo

A

Feeling of moving when you are not (dizziness, motion sickness)

45
Q

Damage to the vestibular system:

A
  1. Menieres disease

2. Vestibular nerve section

46
Q

Menieres disease

A

The ear feels full because there is too much endolymph in the sac. Starts unilateral and progresses to the other ear

47
Q

Vestibular nerve section

A

Does not progress. CNS compensates

48
Q

Eye is always moving towards warm/cold water

A

Cold

49
Q

Decebrebrate rigidity

A

Characterized by rigid extension of the limbs

50
Q

When does decrebrate rigidity arise

A

When the brainstem is transected/cut above the vertebral nuclei

51
Q

___ is importain for maintaining muscle tone

A

Vestibular system

52
Q

___ suppresses ____ to prevent excessive muscle tone rigidity

A

Cerebral cortex

Vestibular nuceli

53
Q

What happens when the cerebral cortex is removed

A

Rigidity

54
Q

What types of stimuli does the vestibular cortex respind to

A

Vestibular, proprioceptive, and visual

55
Q

Lesion to the vestibular cortex leads to

A

Altered perception of personal and extrapersonal space (contralateral neglect syndrome)

Neurobiology 1 (4 decks)

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