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Neurobiology 1 > 10-2 > Flashcards

10-2 Flashcards

1
Q

We have more ___ than we have ____

A

ORN

Neurons in the bulb

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2
Q

Cells that synapse with ORNs

A

Mitral and tufted cells

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3
Q

How many axons of ORN synapse with one mitral or tufted cell

A

25,000

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4
Q

Glomorulus

A

Junction box where synapse of olfactory cells and mitral/tufted cells occurs

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5
Q

Cells that connect glomoruli for comparing

A

Periglomorular cells

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6
Q

Granule cells

A

Cross connecting cells in the olfactory bulb that process info before sending it to the brain

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7
Q

What does it mean that the olfactory bulb is laminated

A

Has many layers

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8
Q

How many glomoruli per smell

A

One per smell (they are specific to each smell)

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9
Q

Why are the receptors for one particular smell distributed throughout the epithelium and not all in the same area

A

If that one area is destroyed, you will not be able to smell that scent

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10
Q

Outermost layer of the olfactory bulb

A

Olfactory nerve layer

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11
Q

Layer under the olfatory nerve layer

A

Periglomorular cells and astrocytes

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12
Q

Layer under the Periglomorular cells and astrocytes

A

External plexiform

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13
Q

What is located in the external plexiform

A

Axons of mitral and tufted cells

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14
Q

Layer under the external plexiform layer

A

Mitral cell layer (cell bodies here)

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15
Q

Layer under the mitral cell layer

A

Internal plexiform layer

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16
Q

Innermost layer of the olfactory bulb

A

Granule cell layer

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17
Q

How many glomoruli are activated by one specific odorant

A

One or two

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18
Q

Mushroom body

A

Olfactory bulb in drosophila

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19
Q

What axons project throough the olfactory tract to the brain

A

Mitral, tufted, and granule cells

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20
Q

Central projections of the olfactory bulb

A

Olfactory tubricle and pyriform cortex, amygdala, and entorhnial cortex

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21
Q

Parts of the brain involved with emotion that cause smell memories

A

Pyriform complex and entorhial cortex

22
Q

Part of the brain associated with fear conditioning

A

Amygdala

23
Q

Functional MRI

A

Looking for utilization of glucose (area that the brain is active)

24
Q

When is the orbitofrontal part of the brain activated

A

Pleasant smell

25
Q

When is the pyriform activated

A

Intense smell

26
Q

When is the amygdala activated

A

Intense smell

27
Q

Why is the olfactory system better in other mammals than humans

A

More ORNs and larger olfactory bulb (proportionally)

28
Q

What happens when we are tracing a new scent

A

Deviating from the main line (but will reach it eventually)

29
Q

What happens to smell tracking when trained

A

Increased speed and decreased deviation

30
Q

Ozone

A

Product of lightening or electric arc

31
Q

Humans can detect ozone at ___ molecules per billion in room air

A

10

32
Q

Humans can detect limonene (lemon) at ___ molecules per billion in room air

A

15 (easy to smell)

33
Q

Humans can detect alcohol at ___ molecules per billion in room air

A

2,000 (hard to smell in air, cannot detect in air at a party)

34
Q

Humans change their perception of odor quality based on ____

A

Concentration

35
Q

Olfactory system can detect minor changes in ___

A

Molecular structure

36
Q

___ is activated by pleasant scents and ___ is activated by unpleasant scents

A

Frontal

Cingulate (emotion centers)

37
Q

Zinc gluconate in nose

A

Was wrongly used against polio and common cold. Kills olfactory receptor neurons

38
Q

Saline, epinephrine, and lidocaine in nose

A

No effect

39
Q

VNO

A

Vomeronasal system

40
Q

Another name for the vomeronasal organ

A

Jacobson organ

41
Q

Function of VNO

A

Mediate sexual, reproductive (flehman’s response), homeostatic, and aggressive responses

42
Q

Stimuli for VNO

A

Pheromones or kairomones

43
Q

Phermones

A

Conospecific (same animal)

44
Q

Kairomones

A

Other animals (eg. rodent detects owl)

45
Q

Classes of odorant receptor in VOR

A
  • V1R

- V2R

46
Q

VNO pathway

A

Hole > VNO receptors > accessory olfactory bulb (synapses) > amygdala and hypothalamus (processing)

47
Q

Female brain aciviation from estrogen

A

Anterior hypothalamus

48
Q

Male brain aciviation from estrogen

A

Posterior hypothalamus

49
Q

Anterior hypothalamus

A

Hormonal reguation and emotion

50
Q

Posterior hypothalamus

A

Attratcion and emotion

51
Q

Why do womens periods sync up

A

Armpits of menstruating women produce estrogen. Another girl will smell and her menstrual cycle will change to match to compete for males

Neurobiology 1 (4 decks)

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