9 Flashcards
Glandular Enlargement
Childhood disease; bilateral inflammation of parotid glands; many inapparent infections
mumps
complication of mumps
Oophoritis (5% in women)
Orchitis (20% inflammation of testes)
meningitis
incubation period and transmission of mumps
saliva and respiratory glands. 18-21 days
prevention of mumps
live attenuated virus
kissing disease
mild disease, most often in children or young adults
prolonged and debilitating
Lymphadenopathy, fever, sore throat, lymphocytosis with atypical lymphocytes, often enlargement of
liver and spleen.
HERPES FAMILY
infectious mononucleosis
how to diagnose infectious mononucleosis? vaccine?
- Blood picture (increase in atypical lymphocytes)
- Monospot test, detects RBC agglutination, based on heterophile antibody response in which EBV induces the production of a wide range of antibodies, including one that acts as a hemagglutinin
- Demonstration of the presence of EBV antigens as confirmation
NO VACCINE
what family is Cytomegalovirus infections (CMV)
Herpes family
who is Cytomegalovirus dangerous for?
pregnant women: neonatal infection, enlarge liver and spleen, mental delay
transplant patient: infection can cause rejection
AIDS and other immunocompromised patient: frequent infection, gi tract ulceration and retinitis
how to diagnose infectious cytomegalovirus
- isolation of blood, urine, organ biopsie (SLOW unless immunocompromised with high amount of virus present
- CMV antigen detection, DNA hybridization
3.serology screening for donors and recipients
treatment for infectious cytomegalovirus
antivirals
prevention of cytomegalovirus
– Match CMV immune status between donor and
recipient in transplants
– Preventative administration of antivirals
– Universal precautions to prevent transmission
– NO VACCINE
what is hepatitis
Inflammation of the liver
– Malaise, fatigue, nausea, loss of appetite and jaundice
most common hepatitis
A and B
how to get diagnoses of hepatitis
serology
mainly effects children and young adults
sporadic cases and small epidemics
Transmission by fecal-oral route
– Incubation 15-50 days
– Stools infectious 2-3 weeks before onset
– Mild or inapparent infection in children
– No chronic hepatitis
– Life-long immunity
Hepatitis A
how to diagnose hepatitis A? immunity
check IgM
check IgG
prevention of hepatitis A
Vaccine for high risk
populations
– Commercial γ-globulin for
prevention after exposure
sporadic cases; all ages
– Contaminated blood/blood products; saliva, urine, semen
– Avg. incubation 90 days
– Infective serum 30-60 days before onset of
symptoms
– Carriers
Hepatitis B
diagnoses of Hepatitis B
HbSAg
anitbodies produced months later mark ofimmunity and infection
prevention of Hep B
– Universal precautions for blood and
body fluids
– Proper handling of needles
– Screening
– Vaccination
– Hep B immunoglobulins after exposure
– Hep B carriers
Blood and sexual transmission
Initially mild disease but can cause chronic
hepatitis
hep c
prevention of Hep C
SAME AS HEP B
univeral precaution for blood and fluids
proper handling of needles
screening
no vaccine
Hep C carriers
Blood and sexual transmission
– “Viroid”-relies on HepB presence for
replication in cells
– Increases severity of HepB infection
Hep Delta Agent
Transmission via fecal-oral route
* Incubation 15-50 days
* Symptoms similar to HepA BUT 20%
mortality in pregnant women
* Endemic in India, Pakistan, Nepal, Burma,
North Africa and Mexico
Hep E
how to diagnose Hep G
Detection of viral DNA by PCR or other molecular
methods
Blood and sexual transmission
– Incubation 14-180 days
– Initially mild and no jaundice, can cause chronic hepatitis
NO VACCINE
Hep G
Haemorrhagic fever with hepatitis
* Endemic in Africa, South America
and Caribbean
* Mortality rates as high as 50%
* Transmitted by mosquito
* Travellers to endemic countries
receive live attenuated vaccine
Yellow Fever Virus
Viruses affecting the CNS
* Clinical Manifestations
Aseptic meningitis
– Encephalitis
– Meningo-encephalitis
– Poliomyelitis
– Slow progressive, persistent infections
diagnostic procedure
*Always first exclude possibility of
bacterial or fungal infection
1.CFS
CSF biochemistry (cells, proteins and glucose)
- CSF direct Gram stain and cultures for bacteria and fungi
- CSF detection of bacterial and fungal antigens
- CSF for viral cultures
blood for blood cultures,
urines for antigen detection,
naso-pharyngeal aspirates, throat swabs, stools or rectal swabs for viral cultures,
acute and convalescent
sera for viral serology.
CNS Viruses with a Human
Resevoir
Usually an extension of a primary infection in
another part of the body
– Mumps-aseptic meningitis in children
– Enteroviruses-aseptic meningitis in infants and
children
– HSV1-RARE cause of herpetic encephalitis in young
adults
– HSV 1 or 2-RARE cause of meningo-encephalitis in
neonate or young adult
– Vaccination for mumps, measles and polio (entero)
CNS Viruses with an Animal
Reservoir
RARE: Humans are accidental or dead-end
hosts
– Arbovirus:
* over 200 different types
* Tropical rainforest areas
* Encephalitis
* Eg. West Nile
– Rabies virus
* Fatal, acute encephalitis
* Infects mammals, transmitted via saliva
* Long incubation (30-60 days)
* Combined active and passive immunization
* Prevention by vaccination of wildlife and pets
Severe immunosuppressive condition;
often fatal; predisposition to opportunistic
infections and cancers
causes depletion in helper T-cells
making the host very susceptible to other
infections
- Frequent antigenic changes
HIV AND AIDS
Transmission of HIV
-Sexual, blood/blood products, congenital, organ
transplants, sperm donation
HIV is cytocidal for T4 helper lymphocytes; neural cells also may be infected. Development of
AIDS due to progressive impairment of immunological competence.
HIV is cytocidal for T4 helper lymphocytes; neural cells also may be infected. Development of
AIDS due to progressive impairment of immunological competence.
incubation period of HIV before clinical symptoms are shown
Incubation 6 months-several yrs
Lab Diagnosis (HIV)
serology + may take months to occur
isolation of virus from blood, plasma, semen, cervical,vaginal secretions
HIV Prevention
Universal precautions for healthcare personnel
– Screen blood, organ and semen donors
– Heat inactivation of plasma for haemophilia patients
– Sexual education
– Education of drug users
– Testing pregnant women at risk
– NO VACCINE yet, but is a key focus of current
resear
HIV treatment
– MANY forms of treatment
– Most effective is cocktail of treatments
* HAART
– Protease inhibitor (stops viral maturation)
– Reverse transcriptase (stops viral replication
Bad side-effects
– Expensive
– Treatment and Prevention in developing
countries very difficult
What happens if HIV has a long asymptomatic period
– Lengthy asymptomatic period increases spread of disease
