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HSS1100 > 9 > Flashcards

9 Flashcards

1
Q

Glandular Enlargement
Childhood disease; bilateral inflammation of parotid glands; many inapparent infections

A

mumps

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2
Q

complication of mumps

A

Oophoritis (5% in women)

Orchitis (20% inflammation of testes)

meningitis

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3
Q

incubation period and transmission of mumps

A

saliva and respiratory glands. 18-21 days

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4
Q

prevention of mumps

A

live attenuated virus

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5
Q

kissing disease

mild disease, most often in children or young adults

prolonged and debilitating

Lymphadenopathy, fever, sore throat, lymphocytosis with atypical lymphocytes, often enlargement of
liver and spleen.

HERPES FAMILY

A

infectious mononucleosis

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6
Q

how to diagnose infectious mononucleosis? vaccine?

A
  1. Blood picture (increase in atypical lymphocytes)
  2. Monospot test, detects RBC agglutination, based on heterophile antibody response in which EBV induces the production of a wide range of antibodies, including one that acts as a hemagglutinin
  3. Demonstration of the presence of EBV antigens as confirmation

NO VACCINE

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7
Q

what family is Cytomegalovirus infections (CMV)

A

Herpes family

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8
Q

who is Cytomegalovirus dangerous for?

A

pregnant women: neonatal infection, enlarge liver and spleen, mental delay

transplant patient: infection can cause rejection

AIDS and other immunocompromised patient: frequent infection, gi tract ulceration and retinitis

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9
Q

how to diagnose infectious cytomegalovirus

A
  1. isolation of blood, urine, organ biopsie (SLOW unless immunocompromised with high amount of virus present
  2. CMV antigen detection, DNA hybridization

3.serology screening for donors and recipients

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10
Q

treatment for infectious cytomegalovirus

A

antivirals

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11
Q

prevention of cytomegalovirus

A

– Match CMV immune status between donor and
recipient in transplants
– Preventative administration of antivirals
– Universal precautions to prevent transmission
– NO VACCINE

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12
Q

what is hepatitis

A

Inflammation of the liver
– Malaise, fatigue, nausea, loss of appetite and jaundice

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13
Q

most common hepatitis

A

A and B

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14
Q

how to get diagnoses of hepatitis

A

serology

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15
Q

mainly effects children and young adults

sporadic cases and small epidemics

Transmission by fecal-oral route

– Incubation 15-50 days

– Stools infectious 2-3 weeks before onset

– Mild or inapparent infection in children

– No chronic hepatitis

– Life-long immunity

A

Hepatitis A

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16
Q

how to diagnose hepatitis A? immunity

A

check IgM

check IgG

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17
Q

prevention of hepatitis A

A

Vaccine for high risk
populations
– Commercial γ-globulin for
prevention after exposure

18
Q

sporadic cases; all ages

– Contaminated blood/blood products; saliva, urine, semen

– Avg. incubation 90 days

– Infective serum 30-60 days before onset of
symptoms

– Carriers

A

Hepatitis B

19
Q

diagnoses of Hepatitis B

A

HbSAg

anitbodies produced months later mark ofimmunity and infection

20
Q

prevention of Hep B

A

– Universal precautions for blood and
body fluids
– Proper handling of needles
– Screening
– Vaccination
– Hep B immunoglobulins after exposure
– Hep B carriers

21
Q

Blood and sexual transmission

Initially mild disease but can cause chronic
hepatitis

A

hep c

22
Q

prevention of Hep C

A

SAME AS HEP B

univeral precaution for blood and fluids

proper handling of needles

screening

no vaccine

Hep C carriers

23
Q

Blood and sexual transmission
– “Viroid”-relies on HepB presence for
replication in cells
– Increases severity of HepB infection

A

Hep Delta Agent

24
Q

Transmission via fecal-oral route
* Incubation 15-50 days
* Symptoms similar to HepA BUT 20%
mortality in pregnant women
* Endemic in India, Pakistan, Nepal, Burma,
North Africa and Mexico

A

Hep E

25
Q

how to diagnose Hep G

A

Detection of viral DNA by PCR or other molecular
methods

26
Q

Blood and sexual transmission
– Incubation 14-180 days
– Initially mild and no jaundice, can cause chronic hepatitis

NO VACCINE

A

Hep G

27
Q

Haemorrhagic fever with hepatitis
* Endemic in Africa, South America
and Caribbean
* Mortality rates as high as 50%
* Transmitted by mosquito
* Travellers to endemic countries
receive live attenuated vaccine

A

Yellow Fever Virus

28
Q

Viruses affecting the CNS
* Clinical Manifestations

A

Aseptic meningitis
– Encephalitis
– Meningo-encephalitis
– Poliomyelitis
– Slow progressive, persistent infections

29
Q

diagnostic procedure

A

*Always first exclude possibility of
bacterial or fungal infection

1.CFS
CSF biochemistry (cells, proteins and glucose)
- CSF direct Gram stain and cultures for bacteria and fungi
- CSF detection of bacterial and fungal antigens
- CSF for viral cultures

blood for blood cultures,
urines for antigen detection,
naso-pharyngeal aspirates, throat swabs, stools or rectal swabs for viral cultures,

acute and convalescent
sera for viral serology.

30
Q

CNS Viruses with a Human
Resevoir

A

Usually an extension of a primary infection in
another part of the body
– Mumps-aseptic meningitis in children
– Enteroviruses-aseptic meningitis in infants and
children
– HSV1-RARE cause of herpetic encephalitis in young
adults
– HSV 1 or 2-RARE cause of meningo-encephalitis in
neonate or young adult
– Vaccination for mumps, measles and polio (entero)

31
Q

CNS Viruses with an Animal
Reservoir

A

RARE: Humans are accidental or dead-end
hosts
– Arbovirus:
* over 200 different types
* Tropical rainforest areas
* Encephalitis
* Eg. West Nile
– Rabies virus
* Fatal, acute encephalitis
* Infects mammals, transmitted via saliva
* Long incubation (30-60 days)
* Combined active and passive immunization
* Prevention by vaccination of wildlife and pets

32
Q

Severe immunosuppressive condition;
often fatal; predisposition to opportunistic
infections and cancers

causes depletion in helper T-cells
making the host very susceptible to other
infections

  • Frequent antigenic changes
A

HIV AND AIDS

33
Q

Transmission of HIV

A

-Sexual, blood/blood products, congenital, organ
transplants, sperm donation

34
Q

HIV is cytocidal for T4 helper lymphocytes; neural cells also may be infected. Development of
AIDS due to progressive impairment of immunological competence.

A

HIV is cytocidal for T4 helper lymphocytes; neural cells also may be infected. Development of
AIDS due to progressive impairment of immunological competence.

35
Q

incubation period of HIV before clinical symptoms are shown

A

Incubation 6 months-several yrs

36
Q

Lab Diagnosis (HIV)

A

serology + may take months to occur

isolation of virus from blood, plasma, semen, cervical,vaginal secretions

37
Q

HIV Prevention

A

Universal precautions for healthcare personnel
– Screen blood, organ and semen donors
– Heat inactivation of plasma for haemophilia patients
– Sexual education
– Education of drug users
– Testing pregnant women at risk
– NO VACCINE yet, but is a key focus of current
resear

38
Q

HIV treatment

A

– MANY forms of treatment
– Most effective is cocktail of treatments
* HAART
– Protease inhibitor (stops viral maturation)
– Reverse transcriptase (stops viral replication

39
Q

Bad side-effects

A

– Expensive
– Treatment and Prevention in developing
countries very difficult

40
Q

What happens if HIV has a long asymptomatic period

A

– Lengthy asymptomatic period increases spread of disease

HSS1100 (12 decks)

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