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8 Flashcards

1
Q

how do viruses multiply

A

synthesis of nucleic acid and protein then used to build virus particle

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2
Q

do viruses have metaboilsm

A

no they need other cells to grow

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3
Q

4 basic components of viruses

A

nucleic acid

protein capsule

protect core w/antigen inside

carries genetic code

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4
Q

3 ways viruses can grow

A
  1. cell cultures
  2. embryonic eggs
  3. living animals
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5
Q

if a viruses is able to grow using one method is it possible to grow them on another?

A

no

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6
Q

5 steps of replication for viruses

A
  1. adsorption- virus adheres to cell wall
  2. injection- releases viral particle material in cell and looses it’s protein coating (eclipsed)
  3. synthesis- use of cell to create immature viral components
  4. maturation- ineffective virus mature in cell using nucleic acids and proteins to build them up
  5. release- may leave the cell by lysis or budding through cell membrane
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7
Q

what is the golden rule of viruses

A

they die quickly in clinical media.

must be examined and inoculated quickly.

refrigerate don’t freeze

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8
Q

how do we detect a virus

A

a. detection of virus itself

b. detection of immune reactions produced by host cells; draw blood for antibodies

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9
Q

ways to use detection of virus in clinical specimen

A
  1. E.M electron microscopy (since viruses are invisible to light
  2. multiplication
  3. direct detection of virus by clinical specimen immunological methods
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10
Q

detection of virus in clinical specimen (multiplication effects)

A

cytopathic effect: visual modification of cell

hemagglutination: agglutinate red blood cells

immunofluorescent and other serological method approaches

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11
Q

ways to detect/identify viruses using patient

A

immunity test- presence or absence of antibodies

diagnostic test- rise of antibody titer

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12
Q

5 respiratory viruses

A
  1. influenza
  2. parainfluenza
  3. respiratory syncytial
  4. rhinoviruses
  5. coronaviruses
  6. echoviruses, coxsackie virus, herpes virus
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13
Q

what is the difference between influenza A and B

A

A. cause major epidemics

B. milder disease; occasionally causes epidemics

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14
Q

why is antigenic variability so common in respiratory viruses

A

nucleic material is made of separate connected fragments that recombinant with other fragments allowing variability of antigen

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15
Q

clinical symptoms of influenza virus. Who is at risk?

A

acute febrile illness (fever lasting for about 2-7 days)

infants and elderly

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16
Q

how to diagnose influenza

A

throat washing (nasopharyngeal aspirate)

pairing sera acute and convalescent phase

taken 14-21 days apart, if there is a large rise or fall in Ab production sign of infection

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17
Q

how to prevent influenza

A

get a vaccine dummy

antiviral drugs available for type A influenza

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18
Q

respiratory illness that affects infants and small children, causes croup (barking cough, high pitch), cause bronchiolitis and bronchopneumonia. No vaccine available

A

parainfluenza viruse

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19
Q

respiratory illness, affecting children under 2.

symptoms include bronchiolitis and pneumonia; occasionally fatal

is known to cause epidemics

no vaccine

given ribavizine

A

respiratory syncytial virus

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20
Q

rhinovirus

A

“common cold”

> 100 serological species

no cross immunity, so infection is common

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21
Q

how to detect a respiratory virus

A
  1. fastest approach direct detection using immunofluorescence and inoculation of virus
  2. clinical specimens in order of usefulness: nasopharyngeal aspirate, throat wash, cotton swab
  3. difficult to identify after few days
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21
Q

3 public health measure for respiratory illnesses

A
  1. identify antigenic makeup and circulating strain in community
  2. decide if amantadine is useful (against type A)
  3. restrict access to nursing home and hospitals
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21
Q

how to manage patients with respiratory illness

A
  1. cohorting in pediatric facility RSV and croup
  2. restrictive use of antiviral meds
  3. special care for debilatating patients
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21
Q

what are enteric viruses

A

multiply in gastrointestinal tract but do not cause gastro-enteritis

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21
how are enteric virus able to reach other organs
viremia; dissemination in blood
21
how is enteric virus acquired
respiratory tract
22
% of enteric virus that is inapparent? % of mild illness? major illnes?
95% 4-5 1
23
How many types of Poliovirus
1,2,3
24
enteric disease, only host is humans, causes poliomyelitis, currently only found in africa and asia
polio virus
25
what is poliomyelitis
highly infectious, invades nervous system, paralysis within hours
26
how to diagnose polio
stool sample or pairing sera (acute and convalescent phase) people inapparent infection still spread disease
27
two ways to fight the polio virus
killed polio virus- doesn't produce (IgA), so can still infect community but used for immunocompromised patients and unimmunized adults live attenuated virus- by mouth, produces IgG and IgA effective for community by suppressing virus in GI tract, don't give to immunosuppressed or those not vaccinated against poliomyelitis
28
enteric virus characterized by groups A and B, seasonal variation diagnosis: stool sample and paired sera no vaccine
coxsackie virus
29
- herpangina and hand-foot-and-mouth disease aseptic meningitis
sign of group A coxsackie virus
30
minor respiratory illness aseptic meningitis pleurodynia, pericarditis and myocarditis
sign of group B coxsackie virus
31
enteric viruses minor respiratory illness aseptic meningitis no vaccine
Enteric Cytopathogenic Human Orphan Disease
32
virus causing diarrhea common in winter months and infants symptoms of vomiting, diarrhea, fever, dehydration, highly infectious incubation of 2-3 days large number on hands, stools, dirty diapers found in daycares
rotavirus
33
how is rotavirus transmitted
fecal-oral route, explosive diarrhea via aerosols and fomite
34
how to prevent rotavirus
quick diagnosis and isolation hand washing
35
norovirus Diagnosis, Epidemiology, transmission and prevention
Outbreaks of gastroenteritis in older children and adults Diagnosis: first exclude bacterial cause, then can be differentiated from bacterial gastroenteritis; electron mic and imm. * Epidemiology: VERY CONTAGIOUS; survives well on objects/environment – Fecal-oral route; food-borne outbreaks and in water * Prevention: no vaccine; handwashing and isolation of infected individuals
36
respiratory virus common in young children gastroenteritis diagnosed with electron mic. + imm. fecal-oral route
adenovirus
37
Sporadic gastroenteritis in children and infants electron microscopy fecal oral route
calici and astrovirus
38
which two diarrhea causing viruses are very contagious
norovirus and rotavirus
39
5 viruses that cause a rash
1. measles (German measles) 2. rubella 3. herpes (HSV) 4. papilloma 5. varicella (chicken pox)
40
where do rashes of measles first appear
behind ear, forehead and nostrils
41
2ndary complications of measels
bronchopneumonia Encephalitis (rare) – Exacerbation of TB and leukemia
42
how to confirm measles and determine immune status
confirmation of a suspected case: by the demonstration of IgM antibody against measles in a single blood specimen or of a rising antibody titer against measles (IgG) in paired bloods. 2. determination of the immune status of contacts: by the demonstration of circulating measles specific antibody (IgG).
43
how to prevent measels
immune globin if given within 5 day of contraction of virus live attenuated virus at 12 months (MMR vaccine)
44
what happens if pregnant women is not vaccinated against rubella
may lead to birth defects risk of damage decrease with weeks 0-4= 50% risk damage 5-8=20% 9-12=7%
44
birth defects of rubella (German measles)
abortion, death of newborn, cataracts (6th week), deafness (9th week), heart defect, low birth weight, dental abnormalities, mental deficiency
45
rash virus common in winter and spring school age children epidemic every 7-10 life long immunity birth defects for unvaccinated mother 60% of cases in 15 year olds
Rubella Virus
46
how to diagnose rubella
rise in IgM or Ab titer using paired sera
47
how to prevent rubella
check immune status of women at child bearing age status of worker in hospital live attenuated virus except for pregnant women
48
childhood febrile illness with characteristic rash -Successive crops of fresh vesicles appear within 3-4 days after the onset of the rash. Papules, vesicles and crusts are present at the same time. n non-immune adults, occasional pneumonia, may be fatal
Varicella
49
herpes zoster (shingles)
partially immune adult of varicella pain across ONE 1 ONE nerve found in adult
50
how to diagnose varicella
EM or Imm followed by culture bacteria
51
prevention of varicella
vaccine; detection of susceptible persons by serological methods; passive immunization
52
orally acquired herpes cold sores
HSV 1
53
"herpes genitalis” associated with genital tract; infected females can transmit to the newborn
HSV 2
54
can type 1 Herpes be transmitted sexually
yes
55
how to identify HSV
1. Identification of virus particles by electron microscopy or immunological methods in clinical specimens 2. The virus grows easily in cell cultures (usually within 24 - 48 hours) 3. Serology of very little use
56
Clinical forms (apart from cold sores)
Genital infections: recurrent in both sexes – Herpetic encephalitis: RARE (see CNS viruses) – Neonatal Herpes: acquired during birth from asymptomatic mother; difficult to prevent; can result in death or severe sequelae (see CNS viruses) – Herpetic Whitlow: affects fingers, occupational hazard of health care workers; nosocomial infections in neonates – Corneal and Conjunctival Infection: can cause ulceration of cornea and blindness
57
prevention of HSV (meds, mother)
antivirals; C-section for symptomatic mothers; Vaccines coming soon
58
papilloma virus
Common warts on hands and feet – Genital warts: sexual transmission, asymptomatic carriers – Some types associated with cancer: cervix, vulva, penis
59
how to diagnose papilloma virus
PAP smear, immuno techniques and DNA hybridization techniques, NO CELL CULTURE, vaccine (Gardasil)

HSS1100 (12 decks)

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