10 Flashcards

1
Q

nosocomial infection

A

infection acquired by a patient during hospitalization and having its origin in the hospital environment or in a medical procedure.

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2
Q

how common is nosocomial infection

A

25%

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3
Q

are due to causes which escape all reasonable means of prevention e.g., infections in the immunodeficient, surgery in patients with a perforated organ

is called a

preventable or non-preventable infection

A

non-preventable infection

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4
Q

due to faulty medical or nursing techniques (e.g., breaches in aseptic
procedures in surgery/catheterization, improper hand washing etc.)

is called a

preventable or non-preventable infection

A

preventable infection

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5
Q

In the transmission of an infection by a microorganism three factors play an essential role:

A

SOURCE –> ROUTE (WAY) OF TRANSMISSION –> HOST

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6
Q

medical activities that can cause problems

A

surgeries, intravenous access, urinary catheter

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7
Q

source

A

location where microorganisms replicate and disseminate

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8
Q

route of infection

A

way by which microorganism leave source to get to host

contact - direct (e.g., person to person)
- indirect through contaminated objects (fomites) e.g., a wound dressing, blood soiled needles, etc.
- water or food
- air
- vectors (e.g., insects

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9
Q

host

A

how susceptible are you? age? immune status?

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10
Q

how hospital try to prevent and avoid nosocomial infection

A
  1. render source non-infectious
  2. prevent microorganisms from leaving source
  3. interfere with dissemination routes
  4. prevent microorganisms from entering host
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11
Q

what measure can be taken in terms of sources?

A

detection/identification of sources

isolation/precaution of infected individuals

treatment of infections

elimination of inanimate source of pests

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12
Q

what measure can be taken in terms of The route of transmission

A
  • sterilization
  • disinfection
  • proper medical/nursing techniques
  • ventilation
  • adequate housekeeping procedures
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13
Q

what measure can be taken in terms of The host

A
  • asepsis (e.g., in surgery)
  • vaccination (when possible)
  • protective isolation (e.g., isolation of transplant patients)
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14
Q

universal precaution

A
  • infection control techniques developed after aids outbreak (1980’s)
  • treat all patients as if they are infected
  • good hygiene habits (hand washing, gloves, barriers, aseptic technique
  • wearing masks
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15
Q

____ measures need to be taken for different diseases

little

some

extra

A

extra

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16
Q

universal protection = isolating patient

True or False

A

False
just take measure to break chain of infection

17
Q

Decontamination

A

destroying or removing harmful microorganisms, chemicals or
radioactivity on an object or surface.

18
Q

sanitzation

A

Reduction of microbial load on objects and environmental surfaces through washing or wiping with detergents or cleaning agents

19
Q

Disinfection

A

freeing an object of harmful microorganisms, not necessarily spores

20
Q

Antisepsis

A

Use of a germicide on the surface of living skin or mucous membrane

21
Q

Sterilization

A

destroy all types of microorganisms in or on an object.

22
Q

what is the effect of dirt on a service

A

it hides pathogens

23
Q

physical means of sterilization

A

(1) Heat, (2) Radiation and (3) Filtration

24
Q

types of heat sterilizatio

A

Dry heat, moist heat (pasteurization, boiling) , incineration, autoclaving

25
types of heat radiation
gamma (DNA damage) and ultraviolet light (nucleic damage, prolonged and direct)
26
factors affecting disinfectant action
1. Concentration of germicide 2. Microbes present 3. Contact time 4. Organic and inorganic load 5. Other factors: Surface topography, pH, age, storage condition
27
The decreasing order of resistance of classes of microorganisms to disinfectant
Bacterial spores and protozoan cysts  Mycobacteria  Fungi  Vegetative bacteria  Enveloped viruses
28
Antiseptics are regularly used as:
pre-surgical hand scrubs pre-operative skin preparations on patients treatment or prevention of infections on skin or mucous membranes