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Science 8 Cards > 8B: Cells and Systems > Flashcards

8B: Cells and Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of red blood cells?

A

To transport oxygen and other nutrients around the body. They contain hemoglobin which carries the oxygen around the body.

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2
Q

What is the function of white blood cells?

A

Protects the body from diseases, and helps fight infection/strengthen our immune system.

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3
Q

What role do platelets play in your body?

A

Platelets help to clot blood and stop bleeding during wounds/injuries.

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4
Q

What is the function of the plasma found in your blood vessels?

A

Plasma helps to regulate body temperature and transport blood cells around the body. Plasma makes up roughly 55% of your blood volume and it is mainly water.

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5
Q

How many bones are found in an adult human body? Why do babies contain more bones than adults?

A

The normal human adult has 206 bones. Young babies have more bones because as we age the bones actually fuse together in specific regions.

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6
Q

What type of tissue is the heart made of?

A

Cardiac tissue/muscle.

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7
Q

Describe the pathway that oxygen takes through the respiratory system as you inhale.

A

Air enters the nose as we inhale. Next, it passes through the mouth and into the of the throat. Then, passes through the trachea. Then, it reaches the lungs by passing into the right and left bronchi. The bronchi branch into smaller bronchioles. Each of the bronchioles ends with a small cluster of blood vessels and alveoli. Air reaches the alveoli and gas exchange occurs here.

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8
Q

Why are coffee filters a good model of a nephron?

A

Coffee filters represent a nephron well because they serve a similar function. Both structures filter substances to some extent.

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9
Q

Describe the function of the nervous system.

A

The function of the nervous system is to transmit signals to the rest of the body. It also allows the body to respond to external stimuli.

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10
Q

How are mechanical digestion and chemical digestion different?

A

Mechanical digestion is the physical breakdown of food. Peristalsis in the esophagus, or even chewing are examples of mechanical digestion.

Chemical digestion refers to the breakdown of food/nutrients by enzymes. Your saliva and stomach acid both aid in chemical digestion.

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11
Q

Describe what a stimulus response is and how the human body might respond to a change in external stimuli.

A

A stimulus refers to any change in the environment. Therefore a stimulus response would be an organisms response to a change in a stimuli. (Answers for examples may vary).

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12
Q

What is the function of villi/microvilli and where are they located?

A

Villi are located in the small intestine and their purpose is to absorb nutrients back into the bloodstream.

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13
Q

What is the function of the respiratory system?

A

The function of the respiratory system is to transport oxygen to the rest of the body through gas exchange. Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli where CO2 and O2 undergo diffusion within the capillaries.

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14
Q

Neurons contain axons & dendrites. What is the function of each of these specialized cells?

A

Dendrites recieve information from axons and any external stimuli. Dendrites basically recieve incoming messages to the neuron and axons transmit any information away from the cell.

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15
Q

What is the function of a neuron?

A

The function of a neuron is to recieve information from external stimuli, process it, and tell the body what to do. The dendrites recieve incoming information, the neuron will process it, and the axon will send a message to the rest of the body.

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16
Q

What is the function of the heart?

A

The heart is composed of cardiac tissue and its function is to pump blood that has been oxygenated by the lungs to the rest of the blood.

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17
Q

What is the function of the larynx?

A

It is responsible for producing vocal sounds, and aids the body in the mechanics of the breathing process.

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18
Q

How is the excretory system related to other body systems?

A

The excretory is responsible for filtering waste out of the body. Any minerals or nutrients that are absorbed back into the bloodstream are then transported throughout the body via the circulatory system. The circulatory is also connected to the nervous system. It is the nervous system that tells your body when it needs to go to the bathroom.

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19
Q

What is the function of the skeletal system?

A

The function of the skeletal system is to protect the internal organs, and provide a frame structure to support your body(posture and muscles).

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20
Q

What is the function of bones besides supporting your body?

A

Bones store and produce bone marrow which produces blood cells and helps our body fight infection.

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21
Q

What is the difference between voluntary and involuntary movement/organs?

A

Voluntary movements can be directly and intentionally controlled. (ex: picking up a glass of water). Involuntary movements cannot be controlled intentionally. (peristalsis in your esophagus). Some movements can be both involuntary and voluntary. (ex: bladder control, and blinking)

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22
Q

What are 6 characteristics that all living things share?

A
  • Made up of cells
  • Need energy
  • Grow and develop
  • Respond to the environment
  • Reproduce
  • Have adaptations for their environment.
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23
Q

Explain the difference between structure and function.

A

Every structure is made with a specific function. Structure is the physical form/shape of something and function is what its purpose is.

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24
Q

What is the function of the excretory system?

A

The excretory is responsible for filtering waste out of the body.

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25
The function of the nucleus is \_\_\_\_\_\_.
TO act as the brain or command center of the cell, Telling all other aspects of it what to do.
26
Identify the order of the four levels of organization and give an example of each one.
**Cell - Tissue - Organ - Organ System** * **Cell:** Blood cell * **Tissue:** Cardiac tissue * **Organ:** Heart * **Organ System:** Circulatory system
27
Which two organelles are ONLY found within plant cells?
Cell Wall Chloroplast
28
The Cell Membrane is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A controllable gateway that lets wastes in and out of the cell.
29
What is the role of the Vacuole???
‘Storage Rooms’ This is where nutrients, water, and other substances can be stored in the cell. Plant cells tend to have one large vacuole while animal cells have many small ones.
30
What is the role of the Cell Wall found within plant cells?
‘Frame’. Found in plant cells only and it provides strength and support to plants.
31
What is the role of the Mitochondria???
‘Powerhouse’. Chemical reactions occur to change energy into a substance the cell can use.
32
The role of Cytoplasm is \_\_\_\_\_.
‘Kitchen’ It contains all of the nutrients that are vital for the cells survival.
33
Chloroplasts are ???????
‘Solar Panels’. They take in sunlight and convert it into energy/ food for the plant using photosynthesis. Found in the green parts of plants.
34
How are unicellular and multicellular organisms different?
Organisms that are made up of two cells or more and multicellular. Organisms that are made up of one cell are unicellular. Microorganisms are unicellular. Multicellular organisms rely on many special cells to perform functions. Unicellular organisms develop structures to help them function. Unicellular organisms lack the advanced organs and tissues like other organisms.
35
Diffusion is the movement of particles from a _____ concentration to a _____ concentration.
High to Low Concentration
36
What is meant by the term concentration gradient?
Diffusion happens when there is a concentration gradient. A concentration gradient is when there is less cells in one place then another. The cells then transport to a spot with the lower concentration.
37
Explain the role of a selectively permeable membrane using words and/or diagrams.
A membrane with tiny holes that allows particles of some substances of particles to pass through, while others are blocked/stopped.
38
What is osmosis? What does it involve the transfer of?
Osmosis is the diffusion of water particles through a selectively permeable membrane.
39
How are diffusion and osmosis related?
Diffusion is when a substance moves from a place with a high concentration to a low concentration. Osmosis uses diffusion so particles can move through a selectively permeable membrane throughout the cell. Therefore, diffusion is just a part in osmosis.
40
Name 5-7 major human body systems (organ systems).
* Respiratory * Circulatory * Digestive * Excretory * Nervous * Skeletal * Muscular
41
Can you name 3-5 important structures of the respiratory system?
* Nose * Oral Cavity/Mouth * ​Nasal Cavity * Trachea * Diaphragm * Bronchi * Bronchioles * Pharynx * Larynx * Alveoli * Left and Right Lungs
42
What is the function of your nose? Why does it have hairs inside of it?
Allows oxygen to enter your body, actually warms it as it enters your body. The purpose of having hairs inside your nose is to filter the air as it enters your body.
43
The diaphragm is a muscle found inside the abdominal cavity. Explain why it is important during respiration/breathing.
A dome shaped muscle that separates the thorax from the abdomen. When it contracts it increases the volume of the abdomen which inflates the lungs(and vice-versa).
44
What is the function of the bronchi and bronchioles?
Bronchi * Small passageways that allow air into lungs * Branch off into bronchioles, then at the end, turn into alveoli Bronchioles * Smaller passageways that branch off the bronchi
45
The function of the circuilatory system is \_\_\_\_\_\_.
The circulatory system allows your heart and other organs to pump blood throughout your body. It also transports oxygen and nutrients to cells inside your body. It also removes wastes like carbon dioxide from your body, regulates your temperature, and protects you from diseases.
46
What are two types of chambers found inside the heart?
The two chambers are: the atria and the ventricles
47
How are the lungs related to the ciculatory system?
The lungs play a vital role in oxgenating the bloodstream via alveoli at the exchange site of capillaries within the broncioles.
48
How are arteries, veins, and capillaries different?
**Arteries** * Takes away oxygenated blood from your heart and pumps throughout your body. **Veins** * Carries oxygen-poor blood back from the body to the heart. **Capillaries** * Connects veins and arteries together * Transfers oxygen and nutrients from the bloodstream to other tissues. * Collects CO2 waste and returns it to the veins
49
What is the difference between sensory and motor neurons?
Motor neurons carry info from the central nervous system to muscles and organs Sensory cells carry info from the body to the central nervous system
50
What is the difference between the CNS & the PNS?
* Peripheral system includes the head and spinal nerves * Central system uses the brain and spinal cord
51
How is the nervous system related to other body systems?
The nervous system is related to all other systems, for example: Excretory: stimulus to urinate once bladder is full Muscular: reflex response of muscular system
52
Explain the difference between tendons and ligaments.
**Ligaments** * Elastic tissue that connects bones to bones **Tendons** * Elastic tissue that connects muscle to bones
53
Describe the 2 types of muscle fibres.
**Fast and slow twitch fibres** * Fast: contracts quick, tire quick, powerful movements * Slow: contract slow, tire slow, not as strong, good oxygen supply
54
The 3 types of muscle tissue are: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Cardiac, smooth, & skeletal.
55
Explain the difference between prime movers and antagonistic muscles.
**Antagonist and Prime Movers** Antagonist muscles are in opposition to the prime mover which is the primary muscle that is contracting to produce a movement. For example: when you perform a bicep curl your biceps brachi is the prime mover, and your triceps are the antagonist muscles.
56
What are some of the various functions of the muscular system?
Moves bones, controls organs, keeps you warm, maintain posture, and helps your blood vessels function.
57
Where can you find cartilage on your body?
Cartilage is a firm tissue that is softer and much more flexible than bone. It is a connective tissue found in many areas of the body including: Joints between bones e.g. the elbows, knees and ankles. Its purpose is to reduce friction between the joints.
58
Explain what Osteoporosis is and how it impacts the skeletal system.
Osteoporosis is a medical condition in which the bones become brittle and fragile from loss of tissue, typically as a result of hormonal changes, or deficiency of calcium or vitamin D. Osteo=bone and porosis=pores, basically the bones become more porous and spongy.
59
What is the funciton of bone marrow?
Bone marrow is located inside of the bones itself and it is responsible for the production of red and white blood cells.
60
How is the digestive system related to other body systems?
Answers may vary... - Nutrients that are absorbed are transported via the circulatory system. - Excess minerals/waste is removed from the body via the excretory system. - Your nervous system sends a signal to the rest of your body when you are hungry/need nutrients.
61
What is the esophagus and how does peristalsis help it function?
The esophagus is a tubular structure that carries food from the mouth to the stomach. Peristalsis uses wavelike motions produced via muscle contractions to transport the food downwards into the stomach.
62
What is the function of the digestive system?
Turns food into energy that your body needs to survive. It breaks down food into small molecules so your body can absorb the needed vitamins and nutrients.
63
What role does the pancreas play in digestion?
Pancreas * Produces hormones that break down food * Releases pancreatic juices into blood stream
64
How is the small intestine different from the large intestine? (Do not say it is smaller)
**Large Intestine** * Absorbs unneeded **water** from the food and transmits it through the body * Stores the remains of food until emptied by the rectum **Small Intestine** * Digests foods and absorbs needed **nutrients** * Contains Villi: which absorb substances and transfers substances into the bloodstream.
65
What is the function of the excretory system?
This system allows wastes to leave your body/blood through the maintenance of homeostasis(normal balance) and regulates the balance of water and minerals inside your body.
66
What are at least 4 important structures/organs found within the excretory system?
**Kidneys** * Bean shaped organs. Regulate chemical balance in blood * Maintain homeostasis * Remove excess molecules from blood * Removes waste products **Bladder** * Hollow muscular organ that collects and disposes urine. * Bladder sits on pelvic floor **Lungs** * Removes CO2 and wastes from your body **Skin** * Secretes sweat **Nephron** * Regulates the concentration of substances by filtering blood **Liver** * Breaks down substances that enter the body **Urea** * A gaseous waste that is unfiltered urine **Bile** * Produced in the liver * Stored in the gall bladder * Breaks down wastes and turns them into harmless substances
67
Why is skin considered an important organ of the excretory system?
Your skin acts as a gateway where wastes can be removed from the body via sweat secretions.
68
What role do bees play economically and environmentally?
* Environmentally, they help sustain ecosystems by pollinating flowers, fruits, and vegetables. They help keep environments healthy by providing organisms with food. If honey bees die off, almost every single plant would die as well. After the death of those plants, we would most likely die soon after. * Honey bees also help us economically by earning two-hundred to three-hundred billion in crop profits. Did you know that bees provide us with one-third of the meals we consume every day?
69
List at least 3 of the structures that a bumble bee contains on their body.
* Mandibles * Hair * Stinger * Digestive tract * Pollen basket * Wings * Antennae * Tongue * Ocelli * Compound eyes.
70
How can you tell the difference between a honey bee and a bumble bee?
The **honey bee** has a very slender build. They are mostly gray and black in color. Their abdomen is noticeably pointed and has very little hair. The **bumble bee** is very broad and has a more rounded abdomen. It varies in color but is usually very bright. It is very hairy as compared to the honey bee. The bumble bee can vary in size, while the honey bee is usually pretty small. In addition the bumble bee gets its name because of the loud buzzing noise that accompanies it.
71
What s the function of the mandible structure found in bees?
The mandible is used to bite other bees and parasites. They are also used to chew wax to seal cells that contain the young bees.
72
Why do bees have a stinger? Are they found in males, females, or both?
The stinger, a poisonous barb that helps the female bee’s defend the hive; however, this is the bee’s last resort because once it pulls back, it rips the abdomen right off.
73
Why do bees have hair/fur?
The hairs on a bee serves to collect and transport pollen from plant to plant. This is a key process in creating new pollination. Although they are dormant in the winter, the hair functions to keep the bee warm in cooler temperatures.
74
What is CCD or Colony Collapse Disorder?
CCD is the sudden mass disappearance of the majority of worker bees in a colony. The causes of the phenomenon are unclear, though many possible causes or contributory factors have been proposed, such as diseases, pathogens, pesticides, and changes in habitat.
75
What is causing the rapid decline in bee population? What can be done to prevent this rapid decline?
* **Pesticides like neonicotinoids** are used in almost every part of the world and are can seriously injure or kill bees. These pesticides harm a bee's nervous and navigational system. Pesticides are sprayed on plants that the bees collect pollen from. Eventually, the bee brings the pesticide into the hive, slowly killing the colony. * Poor nutrition due to overcrowding is also impacting their population. * Parasites can transmit diseases and viruses that can affect their bodies. HOW CAN WE HELP? * We can plant more flowers and crops that need pollination. Bees need a vast variety of food to successfully pollinate plants. We can also influence others to stop using harmful pesticides that threaten bees. A group of scientists developed a new, environmentally-friendly spray that does not harm bees. Lastly, we can protect the bees by simply leaving them alone in their natural habitats.
76
What is the function of the pollen basket?
The pollen basket is used to collect an extraordinary amount of pollen to bring back to the hive. The hairs that are on the bee's body are used to collect and shake pollen into the pollen basket.
77
What is a tissue? Can you provide an example?
A group of specialized cells. ex) muscle tissue, cardiac tissue, connective tissue, etc.
78
What is an organ? Can you provide some examples?
A group of tissues that perform a specalized function. ex) muscle, heart, brain, kidney, liver, etc.
79
What is diffusion and osmosis? How are they different?
Diffusion is when a substance moves from a place with a high concentration to a low concentration. Osmosis uses diffusion so particles can move through a selectively permeable membrane throughout the cell. Therefore, diffusion is just a part in osmosis.
80
How many layers is the human heart made of? What tissue is it made of?
The heart has three layers and is made of cardiac tissue.
81
What is the function of the spinal cord?
The spinal cord has two main purposes: 1. To support your body which allows movement. 2. To send nerve impulses throughout your body.
82
What are these organs called?: Eyes, ears, hands, nose, feet, mouth, and skin.
These are sensory organs. They have many functions and are used every day.
83
A change in an organisms environment is called a stimuli. True or false?
TRUE
84
How are axons and dendrites different?
Dendrites create impulses while the axons transmit the impulses to neuron cells.
85
What do bones produce? (Hint: They are a vital part of our bloodstream)
Bones produce red and white blood cells and store minerals.
86
Why are our kidneys so important? What do they do?
These bean shaped organs remove wastes from the blood stream, remove excess molecules from our blood and regulate the chemical process in our bodies.
87
Why are the lungs considered a part of the excretory system and the respiratory system?
Because the lungs remove CO2 (excretory) and they allow oxygen into our body, releasing it into our blood stream (respiratory).
88
What is a concentration gradient?
A concentration gradient is when there is an uneven amount of cells/molecules in a certain area.
89
What two organelles are only found in plant cells? What are there functions?
The cell wall and chloroplasts. Cell walls: provides strength and support to plants. Chloroplasts: They take in sunlight and convert it into energy/ food for the plant using photosynthesis. Found in the green parts of plants.
90
How many vacuoles do plants normally have?
Plants normally have one main vacuole while animals have multiple.
91
What is the function of the aveoli?
Alveoli are small sacs found inside the lungs. They act as a transfer site for the exchange of gas to occur in the capillaries(which connect the veins and arteries).
92
A tea bag in water is an example of......
Diffusion
93
Water going through an eggshell is an example of........
Osmosis

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