8.8 Brain Flashcards
connects the spinal cord to the remainder of the brain
brainstem
most inferior portion of the brianstem and is continuous with the spinal cord
medulla oblongata
connects discrete nuclei with specific functions, such as regulation of heart rate and blood vessel dameter, breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, sneezing, balance, and coordination
medulla oblongata
two prominent enlargments on the anterior surface that extend the length of the medulla oblongata
pyramids
consist of descending nerve tracts
pyramids
superior to the medulla oblongata that contains ascending and descending nerve tracts, as well as several nuclei
pons
a functional bridge between the cerebrum and cerebellum
pons
responsible for breathing, swallowing, and balance, chewing and salivation
pons
superior to the pons is the smallest region of the brainstem
midbrain
dorsal part of the midbrain consists of four mounds called the _____
colliculi
are major relay centers for the sudityr nerve pathways in the CNS
two inferior colliculi
are involved in visual reflexes and receive touch and auditory input
two superior colliculi
a black nuclear mass, which is part of the basal nuclei and is involved in regulating general body movements
substantia nigra
scattered through the brainstem is a group of nuclei collectively called the _____
reticular formation
plays ans important roles in arousing and maintaining consciousness and in regulating the sleep-wake cycle
reticular activating system
contains nuclei involved in coordinating eye movements and controlling pupil diameter and lens shape
midbrain
damage to cells of the _____ can result in coma
reticular formation
____ is attached to the brainstem by several large connections called cerebellar peduncles
cerebellum
attached the cerebellum to the brainstem
cerebellar peduncles
part of the brain between the brainstem and the cerebrum
Diencephalon
Main components of Diencephalon
thalamus, epithamalamus, hypothalamus
largest part of the diencephalon
thalamus
consists of a cluster of nuclei and is shaped somewhat like a yo-yo, with two large, lateral parts connected in the center by a small interthalmic adhesion
thalamus
influences mood and registers an unlocalized, uncomfortable perception of pain
thalamus
small area superior and posterior to the thalamus
epithalamus
involved in the emotional and visceral response to odors, and pineal gland
epithalamus
an endocrine gland that may influence the onset of puberty and may play a role in controlling some long-term cycle that are influenced by the light-dark cycle
pineal gland
most inferior part of the diencephalon
hypothalamus
plays central role in the control of body temperature, hunger, and thirst
hypothalamus
sensations such as sexual pleasure, rage, fear, and relaxation
hypothalamus
“nervous perspiration” in response to stress or hunger as a result of depression
hypothalamus
a funnel-shaped stalk that extends from the floor of the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland
infundibulum
form externally visible swellings on the posterior portion of the hypothalamus and are involved in emotional repsonses to odors and memory
mammillary bodies
largest part of the brain
cerebrum
divides the left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum
longitudinal fissure
numerous folds on the surface of each hemisphere that greatly increases the surface area of the cortex
gyri
intervening grooves in the cerebrum
sulci
important int he control of voluntary motor functions, motivations, aggression, mood, and olfactory reception
frontal lobe
principal center for receiving and consciously perceiving most sensory information, such as touch, pain, temperature, and balance
parietal lobe
separates the frontal and parietal lobes
central sulcus
functions in receiving and perceiving visual input and is not distinctly separate from the other lobes
occipital lobe
involved in olfactory and auditory sensations and plays ans important role in memory
temporal lobe
anterior and inferior portions in the temporal lobe called the “_________” are associated with functions such as abstract thought and judgement
psychic cortex
most of the temporal lobe is separated from the rest of the cerebrum by the
lateral fissure
fifth lobe
insula
