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PHYANA Lec - Second Shifting > 7.2 Characteristics Of Skeletal Muscle > Flashcards

7.2 Characteristics Of Skeletal Muscle Flashcards

1
Q

___ with its associated connective tissue, constitutes approximately 40% of body weight

A

Skeletal muscle

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2
Q

Causes strations

A

thick and thin microfilaments

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3
Q

Ability of the muscles to shorten with force

A

Contractility

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4
Q

Capacity of skeletal muscle to respond the a stimulus

A

Excitability

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5
Q

Means that skeletal muscles can be stretched to their normal resting length and beyond to a limited degree

A

Extensibility

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6
Q

Ability of skeletal muscles to recoil to their original resting length after they have been stretched

A

Elasticity

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7
Q

Connective tissue sheath surrounding the skeletal msucle

A

Epimysium

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8
Q

Epimysium is also called ___

A

Muscular fascia

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9
Q

Numerous visible bundles composing the muscle

A

Muscle fasciculi

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10
Q

Muscle fasciculi are surrounded by loose connective tissue called ____

A

Perimysium

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11
Q

Several muscles cells composing a fasciculus

A

Muscle fibers

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12
Q

Loose connective tissue surrounding a muscle fiber

A

Endomysium

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13
Q

A single cylindrical fiber, with several nuclei located at its periphery

A

Muscle fiber

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14
Q

Largest human muscles are up to___

A

30cm long and 0.15mm in diameter

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15
Q

Cell membrane of the muscle fiber

A

Sarcolemma

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16
Q

Tubelike invaginations along the surface of the sarcolemma which occur at regular intervals along the muscle fiber and extend inward into it.

A

transverse tubules or T tubules

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17
Q

A highly organized smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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18
Q

Connects the sarcolemma to the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

T tubules

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19
Q

Has a relatively high concentration of Ca2+

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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20
Q

Cytoplasm inside each muscle fiber

A

Sarcoplasm

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21
Q

Threadlike structures that extend from one end of the muscle to the other

A

Myofibrils

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22
Q

Major protein fibers making up the myofibrils

A

Actin myofilaments and myosin myofilaments

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23
Q

Actin and myosil myofilaments re arranged into highly ordered, repeating units called ____ which are joined end to end to form the myofibrils

A

Sarcomeres

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24
Q

Actin myofilaments are also called

A

thin filaments

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25
Q

3 components making up actin myofilaments

A

actin, troponin, tropomyosin

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26
Q

Resemble two minute strands of pearls twisted together, have attachement sites for the myosin myofilaments

A

Actin myofilaments

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27
Q

____ molecules are attached at specific intervals along the actin myofilaments which have binding sites for Ca2+

A

Troponin

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28
Q

______ filaments are located along the groove between the twisted strands of actin myofilament subunits

A

Tropomyosin

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29
Q

Myosin myofilaments are also called

A

thick myofilaments

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30
Q

These resemble bundles of minute golf clubs

A

Myosin myofilaments

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31
Q

3 important properties of myosin heads

A
  1. The heads can bind to attachment sites on the actin myofilaments
  2. they can bend and straighten during contraction
  3. they can break down ATP, releasing energy
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32
Q

Basic structural and functional unit of skeletal muscle

A

Sarcomere

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33
Q

Smallest portion of skeletal muscle capable of contracting

A

Sarcomere

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34
Q

A network of protein fibers forming an attachment site for actin myofilaments

A

Z disk “Zwischensheibe”

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35
Q

Consists of only actin myofilaments, spans each Z disk and ends at the myosin myofilaments

A

I band “Isotropic”

36
Q

A darker, central region in each sarcomere

A

A band “Anisotropic”

37
Q

Second light zone in the center of each sarcomere which consists of only myosin myofilaments

A

H zone

38
Q

The dark staining band where myosin myofilaments are anchored in the center of the sarcomere

A

M line “Mittelscheibe”

39
Q

Inside of cell membranes is negatively charged compared to outside of the cell membrane

A

Polarized

40
Q

Charge difference that occurs because there is an uneven distribution of ions across the cell memberance

A

Resting membrane potential

41
Q

3 reasons for the developing of resting membrane potential

A
  1. The concentration of K+ inside the cell membrane is higher than the outside of the cell membrane
  2. The concentration of Na+ outside the cell membrane is higher that the inside of the cell membrane
  3. The cell membrane is more permeable to K+ than to Na+
42
Q

Inside of the cell membrane if positively charged

A

Depolarization

43
Q

The change back to the resting membrane potential

A

Repolarization

44
Q

The rapid depolarization and repolarization of the cell membrane

A

Action potential

45
Q

Are specialized nerve cells that stimulate muscles to contract

A

Motor neurons

46
Q

They generate action potentials that travel to skeletal muscle fibers

A

Motor neurons

47
Q

Each branch of the axon of a motor neuron forms a junction with a muscle fiber called ____

A

Neuromuscular junction

48
Q

Refers to the cell-to-cell junction between a nerve cell and either another nerve cell or an effector cell, such as in a muscle or a gland

A

Synapse

49
Q

A single motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates constitutes a ____

A

motor unit

50
Q

An enlarged axon terminal

A

Presynaptic terminal

51
Q

The apace between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle fiber membrane

A

synaptic cleft

52
Q

Components of a Triad

A

2 terminal cisternae and a T tubule

53
Q

Acts as a conduit that enables action potential to reach sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Triad

54
Q

Muscle fiber membrane

A

Postsynaptic cleft

55
Q

Small vesicles in each presynaptic terminal

A

Synaptic vesicles

56
Q

Functions as a neurotransmitter, a molecule released by a presynaptic nerve cell that stimulates or inhibits a postsynaptic cell

A

Acetylcholine

57
Q

Enzyme that rapidly breaks down the acetylcholine released into the synaptic cleft between the neuron and the muscle fiber

A

Acetylcholinesterase

58
Q

The sliding of actin myofilaments past myosin myofilaments during contraction

A

Sliding filament model of muscle contraction

59
Q

Is formed between the actin and myosin myofilaments when the exposed attachments sites on the sites of the actin myofilament bind to the heads of the myosin myofilaments

A

Cross-bridges

60
Q

States that the threshold stimulus can cause a muscle to contract to the fullest or none at all

A

Lucas Law or All or None Law

61
Q

Condition when a person dies and no ATP is available to release cross-bridges causing the muscles to stiffen

A

Rigor mortis

62
Q

Is the contraction of a muscle fiber in response to a timulus

A

muscle twitch

63
Q

A cycle of rapid contraction and relaxation occuring in a muscle fiber following the occurence/application of a neural stimulus to the muscle in vivo or application of electrical stimulus during experimentation/experimental setting

A

Twitch

64
Q

The time between the application of a stimulus and the beginning of contraction

A

lag phase or latent phase

65
Q

Is the time during which the muscle contracts

A

Contraction phase

66
Q

The time during which the muscle relaxes

A

Relaxation phase

67
Q

The force of contaction of individual muscle is increased by rapidly stimulating them

A

Summation

68
Q

A sustained contraction that occurs when the frequency of stimulation is so rapid that no relaxation occurs

A

Tetanus

69
Q

When the number of muscle fibers contracting is increased by increasing the number of motor units stimulated, and the muscle contracts with more force

A

Recruitment

70
Q

Requires O2 and breaks down glucose to produce 38 ATP, CO2, and H2O

A

Aerobic respiration

71
Q

Does not require O2, and results from the breakdown of glucose to yield 2 ATP and lactic acid

A

Anaerobic respiration

72
Q

Provides a means for storing energy that can be used rapidly to hep maintain an adequate amount of ATP in a contracting muscle fiber

A

Creatine phosphate

73
Q

A state of reduced work capacity

A

Fatigue

74
Q

Results when muscle fibers use ATP faster than they produce it and when the effectiveness of CA2+ to stimulate actin and myosin is reduced

A

Muscular fatigue

75
Q

Occurs when there is too little ATP to bind to myosin myofilaments

A

Physiological contracture

76
Q

Common type of fatigue that involves the central nervous syatem rather than the muscles themselves

A

Psychological fatigue

77
Q

The length of the muscle does not change, but the amount of tension increases

A

Isometric Contractions

78
Q

The amount of tension produced by the muscle is constant during the contraction, but the length of the muscle decreases

A

Isotonic Contractions

79
Q

Isotonic contractions in which muscle tension increases as the muscle shortens

A

Concentric contractions

80
Q

Isotonic contractions in which tension is maintained in a muscle, but the opposing resistance causes the muscle to lenghten

A

Eccentric contractions

81
Q

The constant tension produced by body muscles over long periods of time

A

Muscle tone

82
Q

Twitch fibers that contain type I myosin as the predominant or even exclusive type

A

Slow-twitch fibers

83
Q

Twitch fibers that contain either type IIa or type IIb myosin myofilaments

A

Fast-twitch fibers

84
Q

Enlargening of muscle fibers

A

Hypertrophy

85
Q

Undifferentiated cells just below the endomysium

A

Satellite cells

PHYANA Lec - Second Shifting (30 decks)

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