8.3 Fungal Diseases Flashcards
What is powdery mildew?
Fungal disease that attacks young, green parts of the vine
- Starts as dull grey patches and become black patches as they advance
- Patches can damage young shoots, inflorescences and grapes, reducing yield.
- Grapes can also split at véraison and become targets for other infections
In what conditions does powdery mildew thrive?
- Optimum temperature around 25°C (77°F)
- Shady conditions (dense, shady canopies)
- NOTE: Does not require high humidity, can thrive in dry conditions.
What fungus causes powdery mildew?
Erysiphe necator (aka Oidium tuckeri)
What species of grapes is more vulnerable to powdery mildew?
V. vinifera.
- American species is less vulnerable
Does powdery mildew affect crops other than grape vines?
No
What are the main management options for powdery mildew? Which is the preferred approach?
- Keeping an open canopy to reduce shade and the density of leaves*
- Applications of sulfur (prevention & treatment)
- Systemic fungicides
*preferred approach
When spraying sulphur to combat powdery mildew, when is it important to spray?
- Early in the season as the disease is easier to prevent than to contain once established
- A couple of weeks after budburst and up to véraison
What is a pro and con of using systemic fungicides to combat mildews?
Pro: They penetrate the green tissue, are not washed off by rain
Con: Can become resistant to some fungicides, so only a limited number of applications can be made in one year
What are the symptoms of downy mildew?
- yellow, circular ‘oil spots’
- then white, downy fungal growth on the underside of leaves
In what conditions does downy mildew thrive? What are high risk periods?
- Rainfall and warm temperatures (20°C / 68°F)
- Warm springs; stormy but warm summers
What causes downy mildew?
Peronospora, a water mould that lives within vine tissue, not on the surface
Where did downy mildew originate?
It was introduced from North America in the last quarter of 1800s and is now common in most wine regions
What are the main management options for downy mildew?
- Traditionally, sprays made from copper salts (Bordeaux mixture) (Only lasts until 20 mm of rain has fallen)
- Fungicides
- Good drainage and an open canopy that dries quickly are helpful to avoid the fungus developing and spreading
What is the Bordeaux mixture?
- A combination of copper sulfate and lime
- Became the standard treatment for downy mildew in the 1880s
What is grey rot? What are other names for grey rot?
- Botrytis cinerea
- Botrytis bunch rot (noble rot)
- A fungus that can cause significant damage to fruit: loss of yield and drop of quality in the wine (colour, body and aroma/flavour)