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WsetDip D1 > 7.2 Canopy Management Techniques > Flashcards

7.2 Canopy Management Techniques Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 6 main canopy management techniques.

A
  1. site assessment to determine the ideal grape variety, rootstock vigour, planting density and row orientation
  2. vine training
  3. winter pruning
  4. vine trellising
  5. overall plant vigour management (nitrogen fertilisation, irrigation, cover cropping etc.)
  6. summer pruning
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2
Q

What occurs during Summer Pruning?

A
  • shoot removal
  • shoot positioning
  • pinching
  • shoot trimming
  • leaf removal
  • crop thinning/green harvesting
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3
Q

Why is canopy management important when establishing a vineyard?

A
  • Choices regarding vine density will affect the vine training and trellising
  • Must be decided before planting anything
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4
Q

What is Vine Density? What is the range of vine densities?

A
  • The number of vines that are planted per hectare of vineyard.
  • Range from as low as a few hundred vines per hectare to over 10,000 per hectare
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5
Q

How is the optimum vine density determined?

A
  • the vigour of the vine (which in turn is influenced by natural resources and planting materials)
  • the type of trellising system used
  • what access is needed between the vines
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6
Q

How would one plant vines that are low in vigour and VSP trained? (Within-Row spacing)

A

Can be planted very closely together within the row as the individual vines are relatively small

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7
Q

How would one plant vines that are high in vigour? (Within-Row spacing)

A
  • Will need greater within-row spacing to grow and be in balance
  • Planting these vines too close together could lead to overlapping canopies and increased shading, reducing ripeness and quality.
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8
Q

What could happen if one planted high vigour vines too close together? (Within-Row spacing)

A

Could lead to overlapping canopies and increased shading, reducing ripeness and quality

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9
Q

How would one plant vines in dry regions without irrigation?

A

Low density so that the roots can spread out (without competition from other vines) in search for as much water as possible

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10
Q

When it comes to between-row spacing, what is the general rule?

A

Vine rows should be planted far enough apart so that one row does not shade the next.

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11
Q

How would one plant vines that are vigorous, high-trained, and trellised? (Between-Row spacing)

A

Greater spacing between the rows

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12
Q

What also needs to be considered when planning between-row spacing?

A

The width of any machinery that might be used

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13
Q

What is row orientation?

A

The direction (N, S, E, W) of the planted row

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14
Q

What orientation generally provides the most even sunlight exposure through the canopy?

A

North-south orientation

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15
Q

Because conditions in the afternoon are usually warmer than those in the morning, what might a grape grower do with north-south orientation rows?

A

Grape bunches on the west side of the canopy (which are exposed to the afternoon sun) may require more shading from leaves to protect them from sunburn.

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16
Q

What effect does prevailing winds have on row orientation?

A

Grape growers may choose to orient the rows at a 90° angle to the direction of the wind to provide most protection

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17
Q

From a logistical standpoint, what row orientation is often the most efficient option?

A

Orienting rows parallel to the longest side of the vineyard

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18
Q

What row orientation option is needed for vineyards on slopes at an angle of greater than 10%?

A

Need to be planted up and down the slope rather than across or machinery may slip (unless the vineyard is terraced)

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19
Q

When must the optimum method of vine training be decided?

A

At vineyard establishment

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20
Q

What 3 factors does the training and trellising method depend on?

A
  1. The vigour of the vine
  2. The topography of the site
  3. The need for mechanisation
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21
Q

What is vine training?

A

Typically refers to the shape of the permanent wood of the vine

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22
Q

What are the two types of vine training?

A
  1. head training

2. cordon training

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23
Q

What does it mean to low-train a vine? Why would one choose this option?

A
  • The vine trunk is short
  • Benefit from heat retained by the soil
  • Provide greater protection from wind
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24
Q

What does it mean to high-train a vine? Why would one choose this option?

A
  • The vine trunk is long
  • Better avoid frosts
  • Make manual interventions (e.g. harvesting) easier
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25
Q

What is Head training? How can these vines be pruned?

A
  • These vines have relatively little permanent wood.
  • The permanent wood usually consists of the trunk, sometimes with a few short stubs growing from the top of the trunk.
  • They can either be spur-pruned or replacement cane-pruned.
26
Q

What is Cordon training? How can these vines be pruned? In comparison to Head training, how long does it take to establish?

A
  • These vines typically have a trunk and one or more permanent horizontal arms of permanent wood, typically called ‘cordons’.
  • They are usually spur-pruned.
  • Cordon training takes longer to establish than head training due to the amount of permanent wood.
27
Q

What method takes longer to establish: head or cordon? Why?

A
  • Cordon

- Due to the amount of permanent wood

28
Q

What is pruning?

A

The removal of unwanted parts of the vine.

29
Q

What are the two types of seasonal pruning and which is more important? Why?

A
    1. Winter pruning - determines the number and location of buds that will form shoots in the coming growing season.
      1. Summer pruning
30
Q

What are the 2 types of winter pruning?

A
  1. Spur pruning

2. Replacement cane pruning

31
Q

What is spur pruning? How can spurs be distributed?

A
  • Spurs are short sections of one-year-old wood that have been cut back to only two or three buds.
  • Spurs can either be distributed along a cordon (cordon training) or around the top of the trunk (head training).
32
Q

What is one-year-old wood?

A

the shoots from the last growing season that have lignified

33
Q

What’s easier, spur pruning or replacement cane pruning? Why?

A
  • Spur pruning is easier to carry out and can often be mechanised.
  • Replacement cane pruning is more complex and requires a skilled labour force to pick suitable canes and train them.
34
Q

What are canes? How are canes typically positioned?

A
  • Canes are longer sections of one-year-old wood and can have anything between 8 and 20 buds.
  • They are typically laid down horizontally and need tying to a trellis for support and positioning
35
Q

What are Trellises? How do they work?

A
  • Permanent structures of posts and wires that help to support and position the vine’s shoots
  • Vine’s tendrils will naturally curl around the trellis wires and help keep the canopy in place.
  • The grape grower will also tie in branches and shoots to the trellis as necessary.
36
Q

Without trellises, how must vines be trained and pruned? What are these vines typically called?

A
  • Bush vines
  • Head-trained
  • Spur-pruned
37
Q

What is the benefit of bush vines?

A
  • Simple, easy

- Inexpensive to develop

38
Q

Where are bush vines popular? Give an example. Why?

A
  • Hot and sunny regions
  • Dry conditions
  • La Mancha, Spain
  • Shade is beneficial to avoid sunburn
  • Dry to prevent disease
39
Q

What is the downside of bush vines?

A

not suitable for mechanisation

40
Q

What are 3 advantages of trellising?

A
  1. maximise light interception
  2. increase air flow through the canopy (reducing risk of fungal disease)
  3. by positioning the fruit in one area, aid mechanisation
41
Q

What is the main disadvantage of trellising?

A

Expensive to establish, particularly for more complex systems, and need maintaining.

42
Q

Name 5 types of trellising. What is the most common type of trellising?

A
  1. Vertical shoot positioning (VSP) - most common
  2. Geneva Double Curtain
  3. Lyre
  4. Scott-Henry
  5. Smart-Dyson
43
Q

What is Vertical shoot positioning (VSP)? What types of vines is it best suited for?

A
  • The vine’s shoots are trained vertically and are held in place onto the trellis forming a single narrow canopy.
  • Best suited to vines with low or moderate vigour.
44
Q

What is Guyot training? Single Guyot? Double Guyot?

A
  • When VSP is used on replacement cane-pruned vines
  • Single: one cane retained
  • Double: two canes retained
45
Q

What happens when VSP is used for vines that are too vigorous?

A

Canopy can be too dense, resulting in too much shading of leaves and fruit.

46
Q

Why have different complex training systems been invented?

A

For vigorous vines, to split the canopy to reduce shade and maximise light interception

47
Q

What is Geneva Double Curtain (GDC)?

A

A method of complex training in which the canopy is split horizontally.

48
Q

What is Lyre?

A

A method of complex training in which the canopy is split horizontally.

49
Q

What is Smart-Dyson or Scott-Henry.?

A

A method of complex training in which the canopy is split vertically.

50
Q

What are 3 aims of summer pruning?

A
  • Enhancing grape ripening
  • Reducing chance of fungal disease
  • Making the vineyard easier to manage.
51
Q

How is summer pruning typically carried out?

A

Mechanically

52
Q

Which summer pruning technique is not able to be done mechanically?

A

Pinching

53
Q

What is disbudding? What are the goals? What is another name for disbudding?

A
  • AKA debudding
  • Removal of buds
  • Conducted both to
    1. manage vine balance and yields (quality, law)
    2. to remove buds that are poorly positioned (downward facing, close together)
    3. remove buds of non-fruit bearing shoots (competition)
54
Q

Why might growers often leave a high number of buds on the vine at winter pruning?

A

In case buds are damaged early in the growing season, for example, by spring frost

55
Q

What is shoot removal? What is the goal?

A
  • Removal of shoots, often laterals, that are infertile or poorly positioned (e.g. too close together or low down on the trunk)
  • Help to maintain a well-organised, open canopy.
56
Q

What is shoot positioning? What is the goal?

A

The shoots are tucked into the trellis wires to better organise the canopy and facilitate mechanisation.

57
Q

What is pinching? What is the goal?

A
  • Removes the shoot tips at flowering

- Improve fruit set.

58
Q

What is shoot trimming? What is the goal?

A
  • Cutting shoots to limit growth and reduce canopy thickness
  • Enhances fruit ripening by reducing competition for carbohydrates between the shoot tips and fruit
  • lowers disease pressure through better air circulation and improved spray penetration.
59
Q

What is leaf removal? What is the goal? What is a risk?

A
  • Removing leaves
  • Reduce shading of fruit and hence enhance ripening
  • Lower disease pressure through better air circulation and improved spray penetration.
    However, in warm and hot climates, excessive removal of leaves can expose the grapes to too much sunshine and heat and lead to sunburn.
60
Q

What is the downside of leaf removal?

A

In warm and hot climates, excessive removal of leaves can expose the grapes to too much sunshine and heat and lead to sunburn.

61
Q

What is crop thinning or green harvesting? What is the goal?

A
  • Removal of bunches of grapes

- Increase ripeness of those grapes left on the vine.

62
Q

When might one use crop thinning or green harvesting?

A
  • If this process is timed near véraison, it can enhance ripening.
  • In cases where fruit ripening is uneven (e.g. because of uneven budburst, frost or the presence of bunches on lateral shoots), the least ripe bunches of grapes may be removed to improve uniformity of ripening, and hence enhance quality.

WsetDip D1 (87 decks)

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