8.2a KNOW CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS & THEIR PROPERTIES Flashcards
A01 - 3 FUNCTIONS OF FILMS & COATINGS ON WINDOWS:
- REFLECT SOLAR HEAT BACK OUT
- REFLECT RADIANT HEAT BACK IN
- REDUCE TRANSMISSION OF UV RAYS
A02 - 5 PROS / CONS of SEALED WINDOWS:
+ 2 SURFACES TO CLEAN RATHER THAN 4
+ NO CONDENSATION BTWN GLASS
+ ABILITY TO INCORPORATE •COATINGS•FILMS•GASES
- METAL SPACER = THERM. BRIDGE (can cause condensation along cold perimeter of glass)
- DEFLECTION DUE TO CHANGE IN TEMP. & WIND PRESSURE = COMPRESSION AND TENSION CYCLE ON SEALANT (can cause failure)
-
A03 - PROS / CONS of UNSEALED WINDOWS:
+ NO NEED TO BE REPLACED DUE TO CONDENSATION
- CANNOT ACCOMMODATE MANY: •FILMS•COATINGS•GASES
- SEPARATE SASH OPTION TYP. ONLY AVAIL. IN SLIDING
A04 - WHAT WINDOW FRAME TYPE IS BEST FOR HIGH RISE & COMMERCIAL & WHY?
ALUMINUM - b/c they can be designed to meet specific structural requirements
A05 - PROS / CONS OF PVC WINDOWS:
+ LOW MAINTENANCE
+ STABLE IN SALINE / POLLUTED AIR
- STEEL IN SASH / FRAME FOR STABILITY = INCREASED THERM. CONDUCTIVITY
- RISK OF COHESIVE FAILURE @ JOINT
- LIMITED LIGHT TONES b/c of •FADING •EXPANSION DUE TO DIRECT SUN
A06 - What are the nominal brick sizes for:
1 - modular
2 - norman
3 - utility
**nominal brick sizing includes mortar joints
1 - modular 100 x 68 x 205
2 - norman 100 x 68 x 305
3 - utility 100 x 100 x 305
A07 - What are these 3 types of face brick:
1 - FBX
2 - FBS
3 - FBA
1 - FBX = perfect/high degree of uniformity
2 - FBS = wider range of acceptable colour
3 - FBA = desired non-uniformity
A08 - What is efflorescence?
Powdery deposit on face of brick, due to leaching and crystallization of soluble salts within material
reduce adherence from other material
A09 List and describe the 6 main varieties of brick. (example: soft mud)
1 - SOFT MUD
• form brick w wet clay (20-30% moist)
2 - SANDSTRUCK (matt texture)
• form w form lined w sand to prevent sticking
3 - WATERSTRUCK (smooth dense surface)
•form lubricated w water
4 - STIFF MUD
• extruding stiff but plastic clay (12-15% moist)
5 - DRY PRESS (sharp edge smooth surface)
• form relatively dry clay (5-7% moist)
A10 What are brick grades a measure of?
Brick grades measure durability when exposed to weathering. According to:
• compressive strength • max H20 absorb • max saturation coefficient
A11 What do the 3 brick grades below indicate:
1 - SW
2 - MW
3 - NW
These grades indicate suitable weather regions
1 - SW = Severe Weather
(min. comp. str. 2500psi)
2 - MW = Moderate Weather
(min. comp. str. 2200psi)
3 - NW = Negligible Weather
(min. comp. str. 1250psi)
A12 In order of highest strength to lowest, list the 3 types of concrete used in concrete masonry units.
- Normal
- Medium
- Lightweight
A13 What do CMU grades indicate?
Suitability for load bearing:
N = Loadbearing below and above grade
S = Loadbearing above grade only
A14 How can you identify if CMUs have been manufactured to have a certain moist. content to prevent shrinking & cracking?
Type 1 = manufacture to have certain moist content
Type 2 = not manuf. to have cert. moist. content
A15 What is the nominal size of a typical CMU block?
8 x 8 x 16”
205 x 205 x 405mm
A16 Steel is defined as various iron based alloys w carbon content ____ than cast iron & ____ than wrought iron.
less carbon content than cast iron
more carbon content than wrought iron
A17 Steel is incombustible but ductile and loses strength at temperatures over:
520 deg C
A18 List 3 ways steel can be protected from oxidization
- painted
- galvanized
- treated
A19 What are the 2 main types of steel? Describe their properties.
1 - CARBON
- unalloyed
- residual elements controlled
**more carbon = less ductility/weldability
2 - ALLOY
- carbon steel w other elements added to obtain particular physical/chemical properties
A20 What are these 4 types of steel composed of and what is their function?
1 - STAINLESS
2 - HIGH STRENGTH LOW ALLOY
3 - WEATHERING STEEL
4 - TUNGSTEN STEEL
1 - STAINLESS (min. 12% chromium)
= highly resist. to corrosion
2 - HIGH STRENGTH LOW ALLOY
• low carbon w <2% alloy
= high strength/ductility + low corrosion
3 - WEATHERING STEEL
• forms an oxide coating when exposed to rain/moisture
= protects from further corrosion
4 - TUNGSTEN STEEL
• contains 10-20% tungsten
= increased hardness + heat retention
A21 There are Ferrous metals other than steel, describe just 2 of them:
1 - Cast Iron
2 - Wrought Iron
1 - CAST IRON
• hard • brittle • cast in sand • ornamental
2 - WROUGHT IRON
• soft = readily forged & welded
A22 List 3 main NONferrous metals.
*nonferrous = metals containing no iron
1 - Aluminum
2 - Copper
3 - Brass
A23 What are the advantages(4) of Aluminum and largely how is it used?
1 - Ductile 2 - Malleable 3 - Light 4 - Natural Corrosion resistance (can be improved by anodizing)
Wide use as 2nd building elements: • windows • door frames • flashing • trim
A24 What MUST always be separate from aluminum and why?
Other metals and alkaline matter:
• wet concrete
• mortar
• plaster
To prevent GALVANIC ACTION!
A25 What are the advantages(4) of Copper and largely how is it used?
1 - Ductile
2 - Malleable
3 - Resistance to corrosion (roofing/flashing)
Wide Use: •roofing/flashing • wiring • piping • manufacture of alloys (bronze/brass)
A26 What is GALVANIC ACTION?
Occurs between 2 dissimilar metals if enough moisture for electric current to flow.
• tends to corrode the more noble metal and plate the least noble:
Plate Noble
(gold, titanium, stainless, bronze)
Corrode Least Noble
(Zinc, Aluminum, Cast Iron, Nickel)
A27 With high and low pressure on either side of a wall, which way is the moisture in air likely to move?
1 - It will always migrate towards the lower air pressure.
A28 Define:
1 - Air Vapour Barrier
2 - Vapour Retarder
3 - Moisture Barrier
1 - Air Vapour Barrier
• material of low permeance
• prevents moist. from entering /condensing
2 - Vapour Retarder
• vapour resistant material of <1 perm
(can apply to gwb!)
• 3 classes (nearly impervious, <1 perm, 1-10 perms)
3 - Moisture Barrier
• typically used below slab to prevent ingress of ground moisture
A29 What are the advantages of ceramic tile? (5)
\+ durable \+ dense \+ water resistant \+ easy to clean \+ colours do not fade
A30 What are the advantages of Resilient Flooring?
\+ economical \+ dense \+ non-absorbant \+ durable \+ easy to maintain
A31 List some of the most common types of resilient (can restore their shape) floors:
1 - sheet vinyl 2 - vinyl comp. tile 3 - cork tile 4 - cork tile w vinyl coat 5 - rubber tile 6 - linoleum sheet 7 - linoleum tile
A32 Describe these 5 types of carpet: 1 - tufted 2 - woven 3 - knitted 4 - fusion bonded 5 - flocked carpet 6 - needle punched
1 - tufted
• stitch yarn through fabric @ back
2 - woven
• interweave backing /pile yarns in a loom
3 - knitted
• looping the backing, stitching, and pile yarns w 3 sets of needles
4 - fusion bonded
•heat fuse to vinyl back
5 - flocked carpet
• loops of backing/stitching . pile yarns
6 - needle punched
A33 What would the highest quality grade be for SOFTWOOD and HARDWOOD VENEERS?
SOFTWOOD
N - select, smooth surface for natural finishes
HARDWOOD
Premium grade - permits only a few small buts, knots and inconspicuous patches.
