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1. Body Logistics > 8.2 Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

8.2 Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What is pulmonary circulation?

A

Portion of CVS carrying deoxygenated blood away from heart, to lungs and returns oxygenated blood back to the heart

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2
Q

What is systemic circulation?

A

Part of CVS carrying oxygenated blood to the body (not inc. lungs), and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart

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3
Q

Describe the circulation of blood in the heart

A

1) deoxygenated blood through IVC and SVC to right atrium
2) through tricuspid valve into right ventricle
3) through pulmonary valve and pulmonary artery to lung
4) oxygenated blood returns through pulmonary vein to left atrium
5) through mitral valve into left ventricle
6) through aortic valve and aorta the rest of the body
7) deoxygenated blood returns through IVC and SVC

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4
Q

What is the function of the heart? (3)

A

1) Circulates and transports nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, blood cells to and from the cells of the body
2) fights disease
3) homeostasis - temperature, pH

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5
Q

How many litres of blood do we have?

A

5L

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6
Q

Of the 5L of blood we have, percentages where?

A

65% (3.25L) in veins
20% (1L) in heart and lungs
10% (0.5L) in peripheral arteries
5% (0.25L) in capillaries - note greatest surface area though - 600m2!

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7
Q

Why is the left ventricle more muscular than the right side?

A

Because left ventricle pumps to the whole body whereas the right side pumps to the lungs only

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8
Q

Of the 5L of blood, how much is RBC and how much is plasma?

A

2L RBC, 3L blood plasma

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9
Q

What is coronary bridging?

A

1) systole - causes coronary arteries to compress

2) diastole - reverses

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10
Q

Describe the electrical system of the heart. (4)

A

1) Sinoatrial Node (pacemaker)
- automatically creates own action potential, depolarises
2) Bachmanns bundle
- depolarisation from SA node
- both atriums contract together
3) Internodal tracts
- carry impulse from SA node to AV node
4) Atrioventricular node
- creates a delay (0.13s) when contracting after atriums so ventricles can fill up with blood
5) Bundle of his - transmits impulse from AV node to purkinje fibres
6) Purkinje fibres - ventricles contract together and pumps blood to pulmonary artery and aorta

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11
Q

What is the more scientific term for shimmering? Describe this and how it could be treated.

A

Ventricular fibrillation
When no communication between atriums and ventricles
Defibrillator to treat and make electrical signals cause contraction normally again

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12
Q

CVS is a closed system. Starting from the heart, what vessels leave, go round to the body and tissues and then return?

A

Heart - Large elastic arteries - Medium muscular arteries - Arterioles (resistance vessels) - Metarterioles (resistance vessels) - capillaries - post capillary venules - venules - medium veins - large veins - heart

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13
Q

Wall structure of medium muscular artery?

A

Tunica intima - endothelium, thick internal elastic fibres
Tunica media - 40 layers of smooth muscle cells! Connected by gap junctions for coordinated contraction, prominent external elastic lamina
Tunica Adventitia - thin layer of fibroelastic CT, vasa vasorum not prominent, lymphatic vessels and sympathetic nerve fibres

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14
Q

How are messages conveyed to medium muscular arteries from the ANS?

A

Neurotransmitter (NA) released at the nerve endings diffuses to external elastic lamina
Into external tunica media where it depolarises some smooth muscle cells
Depolarisation propagated to all cells of tunica media via gap junctions

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15
Q

What is the function of meta arterioles and an important structural feature?

A

Supply blood to capillaries

Precapillary sphincters

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16
Q

What are precapillary sphincters?

A

1) Formed from meta arterioles
2) controlling blood flow flowing into capillary beds depending on where blood is needed most
3) can dilate 60-100% resting diameter
4) can maintain 40% constriction

17
Q

What are pericytes?

A

Covering outer surface of capillary and can differentiate into muscle cells and fibroblasts - important for wound healing

18
Q

What are end arteries? Give examples.

A

Terminal artery supplying all/most blood to a body part without collateral circulation.

Coronary, splenic, cerebral, renal arteries
Absolute end - central artery to retina

19
Q

What is collateral circulation?

A

Alternate circulation (branches form) around blocked artery/vein

20
Q

What is ischaemia?

A

1) Restriction in blood supply to tissues

2) Shortage of oxygen - hypoxia

21
Q

Post-capillary venule function

A

1) Receive blood from capillaries

2) more permeable than capillaries so fluid drains into veins here

22
Q

Most veins do not have a prominent tunica media apart from one. What is it called and why does it have a prominent tunica media?

A

Superficial vein of the leg

It has a well defined muscular wall as it resists distension caused by gravity

23
Q

Another name for veins is ____________ vessels ? And why?

A

1) Capacitance
2) veins have thin non-elastic walls that can stretch a great deal without giving pressure back (Recoil) like elastic does
3) Because ability to increase volume of blood it holds without large increase in pressure
4) greater amount of elastic tissue, smaller compliance

24
Q

How does venous blood get back from legs to heart?

A

Calf muscle contracts and acts as a pump
Sympathetic nerve activity stimulates smooth muscle contraction
Respiratory activity -
Valves

25
Q

Calf muscle pump failure could lead to venous hypertension, why? What could cause this?

A

Blood flow through veins inadequate so pressure exerted on walls is higher, higher bp - hypertension. Inadequate flow of blood. Could cause dizziness.

Valve damage, standing still for too long, standing up too fast

26
Q

What is a vertical gradient of venous pressure?

A

Highest pressure by ankles, lower nearer heart when human standing.

When lying down, pressure lower near ankles

27
Q

What are the arteries supplying to the heart called?

A

Right coronary artery, posterior descending artery, left anterior descending artery.

28
Q

What happens to the cells of left ventricle hypertrophy? What are the causes of this?

A

The left ventricle is a lot thicker than usual
Could be caused by increased pressure on the heart
I.e. Blood clot, aortic valve stenosis (narrowing of aortic valve so LV has to pump harder to body), systemic hypertension (high BP in systemic arteries - vessels that carry blood heart => body)

29
Q

What is happening physiologically in heart failure? Symptoms and causes?

A

Often Left ventricle failure - “floppy” left ventricle
So increased volume in LV although reduced stroke volume

Dysponea (shortness of breath), fatigue, weakness
Oedema 
Ascites (swelling of your abdomen)
Rapid/irregular heartbeat
Lack of appetite and nausea
Coronary heart disease (coronary arteries that supply o2 to heart could become narrowed by gradual build up of fatty material)
High BP
Faulty heart valves
Damage to heart 
Congenital
30
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

Amount of blood ejected by LV in one contraction

31
Q

What is frank starlings law?

A

Stroke volume of heart increases in response to an increase in the volume of blood filling the heart

I.e. Larger vol of blood in ventricles, more expansion of heart walls, increases force of contraction (like pulling a rubber band further and letting go)

32
Q

If the heart is pumped too much, the myosin can come out of the adjacent actin filaments which can cause irreversible damage. What protein is released indicating this?

A

Brain Natriuretic peptide - BNP
Released from ventricles
Levels increased markedly in left ventricle dysfunction and HF
Important clinical marker!

33
Q

Why does left ventricular failure lead to pulmonary oedema?

A

The heart is not able to pump blood to the body efficiently
The amount of blood in pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein increases
Pressure increases forcing fluid out into air spaces of alveoli in lungs
Reduces normal oxygen movement through lungs - shortness of breath

34
Q

What could be measured in the blood and urine respectively if there was ‘dead’ muscle in the leg?

A

Creatine kinase and myoglobinuria (released from skeletal muscle, oxygen carrier myoglobin secreted in urine)

1. Body Logistics (19 decks)

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