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NUT 111AV FINAL > 8. Water & Electrolytes > Flashcards

8. Water & Electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

What are electrolytes?

A

Compounds that can have a (+) or (-) charge and can conduct electrical impulses in the body

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2
Q

What minerals are also electrolytes?

A

Ca, Mg, P, Na, K, Cl

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3
Q

What are the 3 major electrolytes?

A

Na, K, Cl

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4
Q

What roles do electrolytes play in the body?

A
  • Affect amount of water in the body
  • Acidity of blood (pH)
  • Muscle function
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5
Q

What is water known as the universal solvent?

A

Able to dissolve many diff compounds

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6
Q

What gives water its ability to dissolve molecules?

A
  • Unique structure

- Electrochemical properties

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7
Q

How polar is water? Where are the charges located?

A

Highly polar = has both (+) charge (on hydrogen end) and (-) charge (on oxygen end)

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8
Q

What is the AI value of water for males vs. females?

A
  • Males = 3 L or 13 cups/day

- Females = 2.2 L or 9 cups/day

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9
Q

What % of daily water intake does metabolism account for?

A
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10
Q

In what ways do we lose water from our body?

A
  • Sweat
  • Breath
  • Urine
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11
Q

What % of body weight does water account for?

A

60%

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12
Q

What % of our body weight does extracellular water account for?

A

20%

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13
Q

What % of our body weight does plasma account for?

A

5%

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14
Q

What % of our body weight does interstitial fluid account for?

A

15%

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15
Q

What % of our body weight does intracellular water account for?

A

40%

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16
Q

Where is water primarily absorbed? What % of water absorption is this?

A
  1. 9% of water is absorbed in the gut
    - 80-85% in the small intestine
    - 15-20% in the large intestine
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17
Q

Through what mechanism is water primarily absorbed? What is this dependent on?

A

Osmosis ( a form of simple diffusion) is largely dependent on solute (Na+) concentrations

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18
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Movement of a solvent (usually water) through a partially permeable membrane

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19
Q

What ion does water follow?

A

Na+

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20
Q

In what direction (to and from what) does water flow?

A

Water flows from low solute conc to high solute conc

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21
Q

What are the metabolic functions of water?

A
  • Needed for metabolic and electro-chemical rxns to occur in the body
  • Maintains BP and circulation (deliver nutrients to cells)
  • Proper solute conc in cells and fluids so they can function and remove waste
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22
Q

Describe the components of urine formation.

A
  • Filtration forms glomerular filtrate
  • Reabsorption of selected filtrate substances into the blood
  • Secretion of material into tubules from surrounding capillaries
23
Q

What does filtrate have the same ionic concentration as?

A

Blood plasma

24
Q

What is renin? When is it released? Function?

A

Enzyme released from the kidneys when BP is low –> cleaves (activates) angiotensinogen

25
Q

What is angiotensin II? Function? What does it release?

A

Most active form of angiotensin that increases BP by causing the release of aldosterone and vasopressin

26
Q

What is ACE? Function?

A

Angiotensin converting enzyme can cleave and activate Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II

27
Q

What is aldosterone? Function?

A

Hormone that will increase Na+ retention and K+ excretion

28
Q

What is vasopressin? Function?

A

Hormone (aka ADH) that enhances the reabsorption of water and Na+ in the kidney –> enhances water retension

29
Q

What organs are important for maintaining water and electrolyte balance?

A

Kidney and hypothalamus

30
Q

What fluid compartments is Na+ primarily in?

A
  • Blood plasma

- Extracellular fluid

31
Q

What fluid compartment is K+ primarily in?

A

Intracellular fluid

32
Q

What fluid compartments is Cl- primarily in?

A
  • Blood plasma

- Extracellular fluid

33
Q

What is the most abundant extracellular cation?

A

Na+

34
Q

What are the common sources of sodium?

A
  • Table salt

- Canned, processed and frozen foods

35
Q

What is the AI value of sodium?

A

1500 mg/day

36
Q

How much sodium is in 1 tsp of table salt?

A

2.3 g

37
Q

What % of sodium is absorbed?

A

95-100%

38
Q

How does Na+ get out of the cell?

A

Na+/K+ ATPase pump takes Na+ out of cell and puts K+ in the cell

39
Q

What are the consequences of sodium toxicity?

A
  • Increases urinary Ca2+ secretion

- Linked to high BP in some peeps

40
Q

What is the major intracellular cation?

A

K+

41
Q

What are the common sources of K+?

A
  • Fruits and veggies
  • Beans
  • Nuts and seeds
42
Q

By what mechanisms is K+ primarily absorbed?

A
  • Passive diffusion

- K+/H+ ATPase pump

43
Q

What hormones stimulate K+ absorption?

A
  • Insulin

- Certain catecholamines (ex. EPI)

44
Q

What % of K+ is absorbed?

A

> 85%

45
Q

How does K+ get out of the cell?

A

K+ channel

46
Q

What are the consequences of K+ deficiency?

A
  • Negative effect on heart rhythms

- Lower BP

47
Q

What is the function of K+?

A

Decreases urinary excretion of Ca2+

48
Q

What is the most abundant anion in extracellular fluid?

A

Cl-

49
Q

What are the common sources of chloride?

A
  • Table salt

- Meat, eggs, seafood

50
Q

What is the AI value of Cl-?

A

2.3 g/day

51
Q

Where does Cl- absorption take place?

A

Small intestine

52
Q

How is Cl- absorbed?

A

Cl- passively follows the actively absorbed Na+ through a paracellular pathway in the Na+/glucose co-transport system

53
Q

What are the metabolic functions of Cl-?

A
  • Maintains fluid balance, blood volume, and BP
  • Formation of gastric HCl
  • pH balance through an exchange w/ bicarbonate
  • Secreted by white blood cells to damage foreign substances and pathogens
54
Q

What are the consequences of Cl- deficiency?

A
  • Dehydration
  • Vomiting
  • Diarrhea

NUT 111AV FINAL (4 decks)

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