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NUT 111AV FINAL > 8. Water & Electrolytes > Flashcards

8. Water & Electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

What are electrolytes?

A

Compounds that can have a (+) or (-) charge and can conduct electrical impulses in the body

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2
Q

What minerals are also electrolytes?

A

Ca, Mg, P, Na, K, Cl

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3
Q

What are the 3 major electrolytes?

A

Na, K, Cl

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4
Q

What roles do electrolytes play in the body?

A
  • Affect amount of water in the body
  • Acidity of blood (pH)
  • Muscle function
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5
Q

What is water known as the universal solvent?

A

Able to dissolve many diff compounds

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6
Q

What gives water its ability to dissolve molecules?

A
  • Unique structure

- Electrochemical properties

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7
Q

How polar is water? Where are the charges located?

A

Highly polar = has both (+) charge (on hydrogen end) and (-) charge (on oxygen end)

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8
Q

What is the AI value of water for males vs. females?

A
  • Males = 3 L or 13 cups/day

- Females = 2.2 L or 9 cups/day

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9
Q

What % of daily water intake does metabolism account for?

A
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10
Q

In what ways do we lose water from our body?

A
  • Sweat
  • Breath
  • Urine
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11
Q

What % of body weight does water account for?

A

60%

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12
Q

What % of our body weight does extracellular water account for?

A

20%

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13
Q

What % of our body weight does plasma account for?

A

5%

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14
Q

What % of our body weight does interstitial fluid account for?

A

15%

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15
Q

What % of our body weight does intracellular water account for?

A

40%

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16
Q

Where is water primarily absorbed? What % of water absorption is this?

A
  1. 9% of water is absorbed in the gut
    - 80-85% in the small intestine
    - 15-20% in the large intestine
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17
Q

Through what mechanism is water primarily absorbed? What is this dependent on?

A

Osmosis ( a form of simple diffusion) is largely dependent on solute (Na+) concentrations

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18
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Movement of a solvent (usually water) through a partially permeable membrane

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19
Q

What ion does water follow?

A

Na+

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20
Q

In what direction (to and from what) does water flow?

A

Water flows from low solute conc to high solute conc

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21
Q

What are the metabolic functions of water?

A
  • Needed for metabolic and electro-chemical rxns to occur in the body
  • Maintains BP and circulation (deliver nutrients to cells)
  • Proper solute conc in cells and fluids so they can function and remove waste
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22
Q

Describe the components of urine formation.

A
  • Filtration forms glomerular filtrate
  • Reabsorption of selected filtrate substances into the blood
  • Secretion of material into tubules from surrounding capillaries
23
Q

What does filtrate have the same ionic concentration as?

A

Blood plasma

24
Q

What is renin? When is it released? Function?

A

Enzyme released from the kidneys when BP is low –> cleaves (activates) angiotensinogen

25
What is angiotensin II? Function? What does it release?
Most active form of angiotensin that increases BP by causing the release of aldosterone and vasopressin
26
What is ACE? Function?
Angiotensin converting enzyme can cleave and activate Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II
27
What is aldosterone? Function?
Hormone that will increase Na+ retention and K+ excretion
28
What is vasopressin? Function?
Hormone (aka ADH) that enhances the reabsorption of water and Na+ in the kidney --> enhances water retension
29
What organs are important for maintaining water and electrolyte balance?
Kidney and hypothalamus
30
What fluid compartments is Na+ primarily in?
- Blood plasma | - Extracellular fluid
31
What fluid compartment is K+ primarily in?
Intracellular fluid
32
What fluid compartments is Cl- primarily in?
- Blood plasma | - Extracellular fluid
33
What is the most abundant extracellular cation?
Na+
34
What are the common sources of sodium?
- Table salt | - Canned, processed and frozen foods
35
What is the AI value of sodium?
1500 mg/day
36
How much sodium is in 1 tsp of table salt?
2.3 g
37
What % of sodium is absorbed?
95-100%
38
How does Na+ get out of the cell?
Na+/K+ ATPase pump takes Na+ out of cell and puts K+ in the cell
39
What are the consequences of sodium toxicity?
- Increases urinary Ca2+ secretion | - Linked to high BP in some peeps
40
What is the major intracellular cation?
K+
41
What are the common sources of K+?
- Fruits and veggies - Beans - Nuts and seeds
42
By what mechanisms is K+ primarily absorbed?
- Passive diffusion | - K+/H+ ATPase pump
43
What hormones stimulate K+ absorption?
- Insulin | - Certain catecholamines (ex. EPI)
44
What % of K+ is absorbed?
> 85%
45
How does K+ get out of the cell?
K+ channel
46
What are the consequences of K+ deficiency?
- Negative effect on heart rhythms | - Lower BP
47
What is the function of K+?
Decreases urinary excretion of Ca2+
48
What is the most abundant anion in extracellular fluid?
Cl-
49
What are the common sources of chloride?
- Table salt | - Meat, eggs, seafood
50
What is the AI value of Cl-?
2.3 g/day
51
Where does Cl- absorption take place?
Small intestine
52
How is Cl- absorbed?
Cl- passively follows the actively absorbed Na+ through a paracellular pathway in the Na+/glucose co-transport system
53
What are the metabolic functions of Cl-?
- Maintains fluid balance, blood volume, and BP - Formation of gastric HCl - pH balance through an exchange w/ bicarbonate - Secreted by white blood cells to damage foreign substances and pathogens
54
What are the consequences of Cl- deficiency?
- Dehydration - Vomiting - Diarrhea

NUT 111AV FINAL (4 decks)

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